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The Long Term Association of Diarrhea with School Success A case study from Pakistan Jonathan Mitchell CIES March 2008

The Long Term Association of Diarrhea with School Success A case study from Pakistan Jonathan Mitchell CIES March 2008. Why Diarrhea?. Leading cause of infant mortality Average of 3.3 episodes per child per year Associated with PEM Strongly associated with micronutrient deficiencies

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The Long Term Association of Diarrhea with School Success A case study from Pakistan Jonathan Mitchell CIES March 2008

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  1. The Long Term Association of Diarrhea with School SuccessA case study from PakistanJonathan MitchellCIES March 2008

  2. Why Diarrhea? • Leading cause of infant mortality • Average of 3.3 episodes per child per year • Associated with PEM • Strongly associated with micronutrient deficiencies • ORS has reduced fatality rates, but not incidence or duration • ORS has increased diarrhea survivors • A link with developmental impairment would have profound policy implications • There is little to no research

  3. The Data • Location: Oshikhandas, Northern Areas Pakistan • Diarrhea information collected weekly • Weight and height every quarter • Parental income and education • End of year tests in Math, English and Urdu • Total of 107 children (39 girls and 66 boys)

  4. The Analysis • Ordered stepwise linear regression • Income, education and malnutrition variables entered first • Diarrhea variables entered last

  5. Math

  6. English

  7. Urdu • Father’s Income and Education were together significant at the 5% level • FI and FE together accounted for 14.1% of variation • Height for Age at age 2 was nearly significant (p=0.07) and explained an additional 3.1% • No diarrhea variables approached statistical significance

  8. Discussion -- For this group of children: • All three subjects closely associated with FI • Malnutrition as measured by HA, WA and WH not associated with impairment in Math and English • FE and HA at age 2 positively associated with Urdu performance – why? • English and Math, but not Urdu, had a strong negative association with diarrhea, though vulnerable periods differ

  9. Conclusions and Policy Implications • Diarrhea, particularly of longer duration, is an important risk factor for impaired school performance • Findings consistent with hypothesis of causality through micronutrient or trace element deficiencies • Investment in diarrhea prevention and duration reduction may have significant long term payoffs in terms of reduced drop-out, improved promotion, and better learning

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