In order to be successful on the test, you must . . .

1. In order to be successful on the test, you must . . . • Get plenty of detentions in class. • Begin studying early and reviewing often (correct answer). • Eat your study guide without looking at it first. • Bring Mrs. Oehler a cookie.

2. Chapter 7: China Unit Review

3. China’s Dynasties Han Dynasty Period of Disunion Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty Song Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty

4. Belief Systems of China • Confucianism: • Practical philosophy on life and government. • Deals with 5 key relationships (ruler/subject; parent/child; husband/wife; sibling/sibling; friend/friend). • Focused on traditions of respect and hard work. • Buddhism: • Arrives in China from India. • Teaches that the world is essentially suffering. • All people are on a path towards enlightenment (Nirvana). • Essential part of achieving enlightenment is overcoming personal desires. • Daoism: • Believe that society prospers when people have harmony with nature • Correct path (the Way or the Dao) is found in harmony between oneself and nature. • Yin / Yang: opposing forces (light/dark; cold/heat; etc.)

5. How were Confucianism and Buddhism different? • Buddhism stressed military honor and Confucianism stresses charitable deeds • Confucianism stresses ethical behavior and Buddhism stresses a spiritual outlook that promises escape from suffering (correct answer).. • Buddhism teaches people to value public service while Confucianism teaches that personal satisfaction is most important. • Confucianism places high value on artistic talents and Buddhism teaches one to ignore art.

6. 7.1 – China Reunifies • After Han Dynasty collapses – China splits into several rival kingdoms (Period of Disunion) • Period of Disunion: • New nomads settle in N. China – Many N. Chinese move to S. China • Cultural blending leads to new types of art, music, clothing, food, etc. • Buddhism becomes popular belief – liked Buddhism’s teaching that people could escape/overcome suffering.

7. 7.1 – China Reunifies (cont) • Sui Dynasty: • Ended Period of Disunion – Emperor Yang Jian • Began the building of the Grand Canal to connect northern and southern China. • Grand Canal connects major cities and major rivers – leads to easier transportation (trade, cultural blending, spreading ideas/technology)

8. 7.1 – China Reunifies (cont) • Tang Dynasty: • Large scale growth of controlled land. • “Golden Age” of China. • Unified China by: military reform, law codes, land reform (equal field system). • Included only woman to rule China (Empress Wu).

9. 7.1 – China Reunifies (cont) • Song Dynasty: • Reunified China again after brief period of chaos. • Like Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty was a period of great accomplishment.

10. Like the Sui dynasty, the Song dynasty . . . • Only lasted a few years. • Was marked by great bloodshed. • Reunified China, ending a period of conflict between kingdoms (correct answer). • Was a period of few cultural accomplishments

11. 7.2 – Tang and Song Achievements • Agriculture: • Song Dynasty – farming reached new heights due to advances in irrigation. • Underground wells to provide water for crops. • Dragonbone Pump – pump that allowed farms to take water from streams/rivers/wells, and place it into irrigation ditches to water crops. • Amount of land increases under Song and crops became more efficient = surplus of food and other crops. • Surplus crops help pay taxes and support a growing population: • 60 million during Tang Dynasty • 100 million during Song Dynasty

12. 7.2 – Tang and Song Achievements • Cities and Trade: • Surplus crops allows Chinese to focus on other things as well (education, medicine, art, etc.) • Trade grows along with population in cities. • Grand Canal increases trade within China – allows remote rural areas to transport crops to cities. • China expands trade (Silk Roads) – tea, rice, spices, jade, silk, porcelain = all big exports for China. • Song Dynasty – sea trade becomes more common = greater connection with more distant lands (Europe)

13. Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of new agricultural technology inChina? • Price of goods increased throughout China (correct answer). • Increased food production supported population growth. • Cities grew throughout China. • The Chinese were able to devote more time to other things, leading new achievements.

14. 7.2 – Tang and Song Achievements • Inventions: • Woodblock Printing – form of printing where entire pages are carved into a block of wood. (Tang) • Precursor to the printing press. • Allowed written sources to be more widely available – expansion of ideas, information, technology. • Gunpowder – originally used for fireworks, this item was eventually used for firearms (guns) and cannons = changed the history of war. (Tang) • Compass – Instrument using earth’s magnetic pull to show direction = revolutionized travel, trade, etc. (Tang)

15. 7.3 – Confucianism & Government • Confucianism: • Teachings on ethics, proper behavior, etc. – translates to government structure in China. • Ren (concern for others) / Li (appropriate behavior). • Popular during Han Dynasty – loses influence during Period of Disunion (Buddhism takes center stage). • Late Tang Dynasty = return of interest in Confucianism. • Neo-Confucianism = develops during Tang to combine ideas of Confucianism (behavior and conduct) with spiritual components of Buddhism and Daoism (meaning of life). • Begins under Tang but becomes influential under Song. • Official government policy of the Song.

16. 7.3 – Confucianism & Government • Scholar-Officials: • Song Dynasty = improves efficiency of government through development of Bureaucracy. • Bureaucracy = body of unelected government officials (selected by leaders to be official advisors) • Song develop civil service exam (civil service = service to society as a government official) to help choose officials. • Passing civil service exam meant life as a Scholar-Official • Respected, educated member of the government. • Civil service exam = symbolized a shift towards “meritocracy” where people’s success in society was determined by their hard work and effort (earning what they receive). • Idea of meritocracy is not popular with “aristocracy” (wealthy members of society who had previously ruled China) – felt their power/wealth would be threatened by new system.

17. What effect did having a bureaucracy of scholar-officials have on the Song dynasty? • It created stability and an efficient government (correct answer). • It created a government in which nothing was accomplished due to mismanagement. • It created sharp divisions within society, eventually leading to a civil war. • It created a very unstable government.

18. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Mongols: • Nomadic tribes from plains north of China. • Known for being talented horsemen and warriors. • First powerful leader of Mongols (known as a Khan) to unite all Mongol tribes was Genghis Khan. • Genghis Khan = amassed a large army that conquered all of north China. • Kublai Khan = grandson of Genghis Khan; conquered remainder of China and created the Mongol Empire. • Kublai Khan named himself Emperor of China – this started the Yuan Dynasty. • Chinese saw Mongols as rude and uncivilized = resented being controlled by the Mongols.

19. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Yuan control of China: • Mongols do not force Chinese to change, but they do maintain control. • Confucian scholars are kept from gaining too much power. • Mongols placed heavy taxes on Chinese – these taxes were used to fund public-works projects (like extending the Grand Canal) • Mongol soldiers are sent throughout China to maintain peace and keep an eye on Chinese (prevent uprisings) • Mongols encourage trade with foreigners (Europeans) • Example: Marco Polo – famous trader from Italy. Much of what we know about China is as a result of his writings about his journeys to China. • Marco Polo helps change perception of China - writings showed that they were advanced and not barbarians.

20. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Yuan Dynasty Collapses: • Mongols = unhappy with their land – desire to conquer Japan. • Attempts at conquering Japan are unsuccessful = Mongol army is weakened in the process. • Chinese economy is weakened by Mongol public-works projects (example: Grand Canal expansion). • Chinese are upset with Mongol rule and failed economy – Mongol army is weakened due failed conquest of Japan = people revolt. • Chinese are able to overthrow Mongols and regain control of their land.

21. Which of the following is a strategy used by Kublai Khan to control the Chinese? • Executing educated scholars • Making the Chinese pay large taxes (correct answer). • Raising prices on rice to keep Chinese poor. • Eliminating all public works projects.

22. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Ming Dynasty: • Ming Dynasty focuses on exploration and ship building. • Greatest sailor and explorer of Ming Dynasty was Zheng He. • Traveled as far as Persian Gulf and Africa. • Voyages served as a sign of China’s power and advanced culture. • Ming also known for their grand building projects. • Forbidden City (built in Beijing) = palace in northern China designed to display China’s glory and intimidate northern neighbors. • Restoration and expansion of the Great Wall of China – designed to protect Chinese people from northern tribes.

23. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Ming Dynasty moves towards Isolation. • Having expelled the Mongols, Ming emperors sought to get rid of all foreigners/foreign influence. • Believed it would lead to greater safety and prosperity. • Government: • Ming emperors = much more powerful that emperors of Tang or Song dynasty. • Emperors take over more control of government – use civil service officials as imperial staff.

24. 7.4 – Yuan and Ming Dynasties • Isolationism: • 1430’s = Zheng He required to return to China and dismantle fleet. • Official policy of Isolationism put into effect. • Consequences = Western world makes large advances in education, technology, etc. - China does not progress as much. • After the last Ming emperor is overthrown, China finds itself behind the rest of the world due to isolationism.