Body Composition & Mental Health

1. PEAC1001 Lecture 6 Body Composition &Mental Health Concept 13: Body composition Concept 16: Stress and mental health

2. Concept 13 Body fatness Assessment methods Fatness risks Disordered eating Activity and body composition Concept 16 Stress Physiological consequences of stress Personality and stress Outline and objectives

3. Body fatness National statistics _____ of the American population is _________________ Overweight – higher than normal levels of body fat (BMI >25) _______of Americans are _________ Obese - Excessive amount of body fat, marked by extremely high BMI (BMI >30) Journal of the American Medical Association, 2005

4. Body Mass Index Measures body composition based on _____________. Ranges from ________. Pros: easy to assess body composition Cons: does not consider differences in body mass

5. BMI tables Uses weight (pounds) over height (inches)

6. Body composition terms • ______________: overall body content • Essential fat: minimum amount of fat required to healthfully function. • __________- unhealthy menstrual cycles due to low body fatness • Nonessential fat: unnecessary stored fat

7. Healthy body fatness & BMI: Borderline Too low Marginal At risk Ideal 5% or less 10% or less 10-20% 17-28% 6-9% 11-16% 26% + 36% + 21-25% 29-35% MALE FEMALE Body fatness (percent body fat) Too low Ideal Marginal At risk Borderline 12 or less 12 or less 17-25 17-25 13-16 13-16 30 + 30 + 26-30 26-30 MALE FEMALE Body mass index (mg/m2)

8. Assessment methods • Dual-energy Absorptiometry (_______________) - _____________ - Informs patient of many other health-related areas

9. Assessment measures • ____________________________ • Previously the best method • Many potential sources of error

10. Assessment measures • Skin fold • Inexpensive • _________________ _______________ • Potential for sources of error between testers

11. Assessment measures • Bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) • Inexpensive • _________________________ • Quick, easy

12. Assessment measures • Body Mass Index (BMI) • Height-weight charts • Does not factor in muscle mass • _________________________________

13. Body fat locations • ______________ • Fat is stored around the midsection • High risk! Fat stores around organs • ____________ • Fat is stored around hip area • Not as threatening as apple-shape

14. High % body fat Cardiovascular disease Heart disease Organ failure Cancer risks Metabolic syndrome (diabetes) Increased stroke risk, hypertension Low % body fat Amenorrhea Hair loss Bad breath Skin problems Concentration problems Fatness risks

15. _________ nervosa _________________ Usually precipitated by altered self-image Frequently supplemented with intense exercise Most often noticeable _________ nervosa Characterized by binging and purging Consume high amounts of calories Forcefully empty the body of the calories ______________ Disordered eating

16. Anorexia athletica _________________________ tend to be the most susceptible Not as severe as anorexia nervosa May lead to anorexia nervosa Female athlete triad Excessive exercise with poor eating habits Results in ___________ ________, low body fatness, altered menstrual cycles, increased risk for ______________ Disordered eating

17. Activity and body composition • Many people who exercise say they do so to change their body and/or enhance health • Fatness early in life leads to fatness later in life • ___________________________ • Due to lack of physical activity/exercise

18. Calories and fatness Calorie: energy supplied by food • Lose weight: energy must exceed calorie intake • ____________: calorie intake must exceed calories burned • Maintain weight: calorie intake and energy expenditure is ______________

19. Stress • Effects every one to some degree • Linked to _________ percent of all illnesses • Linked to shortness of life span

20. _______: the body’s response to a demand, intended to maintain equilibrium Two types of _______ Eustress Distress Positive (mentally or physically stimulating) Negative (contributes to health problems)

21. Sympathetic nervous system (___) ________________________________ Changes HR, BP, breathing rate, etc. Parasympathetic nervous system (___) System that recovers the body to a natural state after a stressor Acts as a kind of reversal system to the SNS Physiology of stress

22. General adaptation syndrome (GAS) • Developed by ____________ • Three Stages • Alarm – reactions to combat stress, usually physiological • Resistance – adapt to the stress, either overcome it or let it have negative effects. • ________________when the body cannot maintain homeostasis, resistance falls and systems can fail

23. Personality and stress • Type A • Time urgency, competitive, impatience, higher anger and hostility levels • More susceptible to effects of stress but more able to cope • Type D • Continually distressed individual, negative emotion, social inhibition • Withholds expression of these emotions

24. Stress and relaxing • Practice stress relief strategies • Prevent: • _________________ • Problems to your body • ____________