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Introduction

Introduction. Fungi Fungus Mycology Mykes = Mushroom Medical mycology 5 kingdom Monera Plant Animal Fungi Protista Eukaryote & Heterotrophic. FUNGI. Number of cell Multi-cellular: MOLD کپک Uni-cellular : YEAST مخمر. Mold. Hyphae Mycelium Aseptate Coenocytic

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction • Fungi • Fungus • Mycology • Mykes = Mushroom • Medical mycology • 5 kingdom • Monera • Plant • Animal • Fungi • Protista • Eukaryote & Heterotrophic

  2. FUNGI • Number of cell • Multi-cellular:MOLD کپک • Uni-cellular :YEAST مخمر

  3. Mold • Hyphae Mycelium • Aseptate • Coenocytic • Zygomycetes • Septate • Aerial • Vegetative

  4. YEAST • Round or oval • Budding/binary fission • Pseudohyphae or pseudomycelium • Yeast like • Candida albicans

  5. Dimorphism • Nature Mold • 25° Sabouraud’s glucose agar (S) • In body Yeast • 37° BHI, Blood Agar • Sporothrix schenkii • Histoplasma capsulatum • Blastomyces dermatitidis • Coccidioides immitis Spherule • Paracoccidioides brasiliensis • Penicillium marneffei

  6. Dimorphism Candida albicans • Parasitic • Yeast • Saprophytic • Mold • Life of fungi • Saprophytic • Mutulistic • Parasitic • Loboa loboi • Rhinosporidium sebeeri

  7. Reproduction • Sexual Perfect Teleomorph • Asexual Imperfect Anamorph • Spore • Conidia Macro & Micro

  8. Asexual • Sporangiospore • Macroconidia • Microconidia • Arthroconidia • Chlamydioconidia • Budding • Binary fission

  9. Sporangiospore

  10. Macroconidia

  11. Microconidia

  12. Arthroconidia

  13. Chlamydioconidia

  14. Budding

  15. Binary fission

  16. Sexual • Ascospore Ascomycetes • Basidiospore Basidiomycetes • Zygospore Zygomycetes Deutromycetes

  17. Environmental Conditions • Temperature • PH • Moisture • Light • Aeration

  18. Temperature • Thermophile • Min:20 Opt:30-40 Max:50-60 • Aspergillus fumigatus • Mesophile • 10-35 Opt:27-28 • Psychrophile Max:20

  19. PH, Moisture, Light • PH 6.8 • Moi. 80% • Light somatic & Reproductive

  20. Aeration • Obligate aerobe • Facultative fermentative • Obligate fermentative • Obligate anaerobe • Hydrogenosom

  21. Cell envelope • Characteristic • Enzymes • EM • Dynamic

  22. Cell envelope • Cell membrane • Cell wall • Capsule

  23. Cell envelope • Cell membrane • Sterol • Cholesterol • Phytostrole • Ergostrole • Polyen

  24. The plasma membrane • Like other eukaryotes • 2 layer phospholipid + proteins + sterol • Antifungal drugs • Role of C.M • Absorb & release • Enzymes • Chitin synthetase & glucan synthetase • Protein • Signal transduction

  25. The Wall Component • Polysaccharide • Protein • Lipid • No constant

  26. Cell wall • Shape • Interface • Osmotic pressure • Molecular transfer • Pigment • Physiologic roles • Enzymes • Invertase: sucrose → glucose + fructose • Ag

  27. Cell wall • Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes • Chitin • Glucans • Mannoprotein • Zygomycetes • Chitosan • Chitin • Polyglucoronic acid

  28. Cell wall • Chitin • Fungi & Insects • N- acetylglucoseamin ( β 1→4 ) • Elastic • Hydrogen bands • Inter & Intra

  29. Cell wall • Chitosan • Glucoseamin ( β 1→ 4 ) • Cellulose • Oomycetes • Glucose ( β 1→ 4 )

  30. Cell wall • Glucans • Polysaccharide of D-glucose monomers • β 1→ 3 • 2nd ( EXP Zygomycetes ) • Structural & Reservoir

  31. Cell wall • Mannoproteins • Yeast • S. cerevisiae ( 20 % ) • Produce in ER & Golgi apparatus

  32. Cell wall • Melanin • Phenol • Catechol →C6H4(OH)2 • Tyrosine • Dihydroxynaphthalene • Resistance to any enzyme • Protection • Enzyme • light

  33. The extrahyphal matrix • Capsule • C.neoformans • Ag • Phagocytosis

  34. Structure & Ultra structure • EM • Cytochemical stains • Hyphae • Yeast

  35. Hyphae • Tube • Solid wall • Protoplasm • No fixed length • Diameter 1-30 μm ( 5-10 μm ) • Tip

  36. Hyphae • Nucleus • Mitochondria • Vacuoles • Lipid bodies • Endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Atypical

  37. Hyphae • Nucleus • Aseptate • Coenocytic • Septate • Tip → Growth → Multinucleus • Small • Light microscope • Fluorescence staining

  38. Yeast • Budding • 1 nucleus • Great vacuole • Bud → nucleus division → cytoplasm division → chitin sedimentation → 2 cell • Scar • Multiple budding • Bipolar budding

  39. Secretory system • ER, Golgi apparatus & vesicles • Ribosome → protein synthesis → ER → golgi apparatus → processing* → vesicles → secretion * tertiary structure Glycosilation Rearrangement

  40. Vacuoles • Round structure • Storage • Phosphate • Calcium • Recycling • Cleavage of protein → amino acids • PH regulation

  41. Cytoskeleton • Microtubule • Microfilament • Myosin like protein • Fungal tubulin different from animal & planet ( griseofulvin )

  42. Medical Mycology • Opportunistic pathogen • True pathogen • Allergic fungi • Toxic fungi • Mycotoxicosis • Afla toxin • A.flavus, A.parasiticus & P.puberulum • Mycetismus

  43. Medical Mycology • Superficial mycosis • Cutaneous mycosis • Subcutaneous mycosis • Systemic mycosis • Opportunistic mycosis • Mold • Yeast

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