50 years of Space Exploration

1. 50 years of Space Exploration G. Tancredi Depto. Astronomía - Fac. Ciencias Montevideo - Uruguay

2. Classification of space missions Spacecraft or space probe • Fly-by • Rendezvous • Orbiter • Atmospheric probe • Atmospheric ballon • Lander • Surface penetrator • Surface vehicle - rover

3. Scientific Instruments Detection: • Direct – the instruments interact with the target • Remote: • Passive – receives the radiation • Active – Emits and receives the reflected radiation Direct Detectors: • High-energy particles • Charged particles of low energy • Plasma detectors • Dust detectors • Magnetometers • Mass spectrometers • Sample collectors

4. Remote Detectors • Passive: • Radio • Imaging (CCD) • Polarimeters • Photometers • Spectrographs • Infrared Radiometers • Active: • Radares of sytnthetic aperture • Altimeters

5. Navigation Systems Determination of: radial distance, radial velocity, angular direction, velocity in the sky-plane Techniques based on tracking data: • Estimate of the Velocity from doppler-shift of the downlink signal • Estimate of Distance from time delay between up and downlink signal • Estimate of the angular direction from a pair of antennas of the Deep Space Network (DSN) Autonomous techniques • Reference stars • Using the target as reference

6. The first steps in the space • ’57 - Sputnik 1 (URSS) – First artificial satellite • ’58 - Explorer III (USA) – Discovery of the Van Allen belts • ’59 - Luna 1 (URSS) – Discovery of the solar wind • ’59 - Luna 2 (URSS) – Impact on lunar surface • ’59 - Luna 3 (URSS) – Fly-by of the dark side of the Moon • ’61 - Venera 1 (URSS) – Fly-by of Venus • ’62 - Mariner 2 (USA) – Approach to 350.000 km to Venus. Estimate of T=425°C • ’65 - Mariner 4 (USA) – Fly-by of Mars • ’66 - Luna 9 (URSS) – Landing on the lunar surface and first close by photos • ’67 - Venera 4 (URSS) – Entrance to the Venus atmosphere, sampling of the extreme conditions of pressure and temperature • ’67 - Surveyor 6 (USA) – Landing and take off from the Moon

7. ’68 - Apolo 8 (USA) – Manned fly-by to the Moon • ’69 - Apolo 11 (USA) – Manned landing to the Moon - 6 later landing until ’72 • ’71 - Luna 17 (URSS) – Landing with robotic rovers (Lunokhod) • ’71 - Mars 3 (URSS) – Landing on Mars • ’71 - Mariner 9 (USA) - Images of Phobos and Deimos, Mars’ orbiter, detection of a martian storm • ’73 - Pioneer 10 & ’74 Pioneer 11 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter. In ’79 fly-by to Saturn (Pioneer 11) • ’74 - Mariner 10 (USA) – Several fly-byes to Mercury • ’75 - Venera 9 (URSS) – Landing on Venus • ’76 - Viking 1 y 2 (USA) – Landing on Marts - Experiments searching for life. The mission was trasmitting data until ’82 • ’79 - Voyager 1 y 2 (USA) – Fly-by to Jupiter • ’80-’81 - Fly-by toSaturn • ’86 - Fly-by toUranus • ’89 - Fly-by toNeptune

8. Triton

9. Geyser

12. Where are the Pioneers and the Voyagers now? July 2007 Pioneer 10 - 94 AU (*) Pioneer 11 – 74 AU (*) Voyager 1 - 103 AU Voyager 2 - 83 AU (*) Does not function

13. Present position

14. Voyager 1 reachs the “termination shock”

15. The retreat during the ’80s

16. A few missions during ’80s Japanese and European entering into the game • ’86 - Giotto (ESA), Vega 1 & 2 (URSS), Sakigake y Suisei (Japan) Fly-by to Comet Halley (Giotto) (500 km) • ’88 - Phobos 1 & 2 (URSS) – Sent to land in fly-by and land in Phobos, but they failed.

17. Reconquering the space in the ’90s • Magellan (USA) – Venus orbiter (’89-’94) • Ulysses (USA-ESA) – Polar orbiter around the Sun (’90 - ...) • Yohkoh (Japan - USA) – Solar flares (’91) • Clementine (USA) – Lunar orbiter (’94) • Failures: Mars Observer (USA) & Mars 96 (Russia) • Galileo (USA-ESA) – Jupiter orbiter and atmospheric probe ’95 - ’03 • SOHO (ESA-USA) – Solar oscillations, corona and solar wind (’96 - ...) • NEAR (USA) – Orbiter around asteroid 433 Eros (’99 - ’01) • Mars Pathfinder (USA) – Mars lander and Rover (’97) • Mars Global Surveyor (USA) – Mars orbiter (’98 - ...) • Lunar Prospector – Polar lunar orbiter (’98)

18. Sun

19. Yohkoh (’91) JapanThe changing sun

20. Ulysses (’92 - ...) NASA

21. Soho (’96 - ...) ESA/NASA

22. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

23. Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

24. Sungrazing comets over 1300 comets discovered since ‘96

26. Genesis (‘01 - ‘04) NASA

27. Genesis in the Lagrangian point L1

28. Recovery of particles from the solar wind

29. Cluster II (’00 - ...) ESA/NASA

32. Double Star (China, 03-…)

33. Mercurio Mercury Caloris basincrater with a diameter over 1300 km Region of chaotic terrain in the antipodes of Caloris Basin

34. Beppi Colombo (’13)ESA

35. Venus - Magellan(’90-’94) NASA

36. Gula Mons (vulcano 3 km height) and Sif Mons (vulcano 2km height)

37. Sapas Mons Vulcano of 400 km in diameter and 1.5 km height

38. Crater Addams - 90 km. diameter Lava flodd extends over 600 km from the crater rim

39. Field with several lava floods

40. Crater Danilova 49 km diameter with central peak Impact crater

41. Venus Express (’06) ESA

42. Venus Climate Orbiter – Planet C(’10) JAXA

43. Luna - Clementine(’94) NASA

44. Albedo maps

46. Map of the Southern Lunar Pole

47. Ice in the in the bottom of a permanently shadowed crater close to the southern pole of the Moon?

48. Lunar Prospector(’98- ’99) NASAcontrolled crash into the Moon

49. SMART 1 (’03-’06) ESA Ion engine

50. Japanese mission to the Moon SELENE – KAGUYA (’07) Main Orbiter and two small satellites (Relay Satellite and VRAD Satellite)