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AP Environmental Mrs. Dow Chapter 12

AP Environmental Mrs. Dow Chapter 12. Species extinction 12.1. 1. Local Species disappears from an area, found elsewhere 2. Ecological # of species is low, cannot fulfill role 3. Biological Species disappeared from earth. Lost Natural Capital. Passenger pigeon. Dusky seaside sparrow.

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AP Environmental Mrs. Dow Chapter 12

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  1. AP EnvironmentalMrs. DowChapter 12

  2. Species extinction 12.1 1. Local • Species disappears from an area, found elsewhere 2. Ecological • # of species is low, cannot fulfill role 3. Biological • Species disappeared from earth

  3. Lost Natural Capital Passenger pigeon Dusky seaside sparrow Great auk Dodo Aepyornis (Madagascar)

  4. Figure 12-3aPage 226 Kirtland's warbler White top pitcher plant Grizzly bear (threatened) Arabian oryx (Middle East) African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia) Endangered Natural Capital

  5. Figure 12-3b Page 226 Whooping crane West Virginia spring salamander Knowlton cactus Giant panda (China) Blue whale Pine barrens tree frog (male) Swamp pink Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Mountain gorilla (Africa) Endangered Natural Capital

  6. Figure 12-3c Page 227 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Gray wolf Florida panther Devil's hole pupfish Black-footedferret Snow leopard (Central Asia) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Symphonia (Madagascar) California condor Black lace cactus Oahu tree snail Ghost bat (Australia) Black rhinoceros (Africa)

  7. Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Feeds at high trophic level Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Rare Many island species, African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther

  8. Going toward bio extinction • Endangered • Too few in # • Soon to be extinct • 1st to go . . . • Big, slow, tasty, valuable • Passenger pigeon • Overhunting; habitat destruction • ~21K species in U.S.

  9. 34% (51% of freshwater species) Fish 24% Mammals 20% Reptiles 14% Plants 12% Birds

  10. Greater extinction rates due to: • Biodiversity loss due to exponential growth • “Hot spots” cause concern • Colonization sites are being eliminated

  11. Importance of wild species 12.2 • Speciation is being reduced • Medicinal properties • Genetic info from animals of value • Recreational value • Eco-tourism generates monies • All species have important roles in keeping environment balanced

  12. Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) Indian Tiger

  13. Range in 1700 Range today (about 2,400 left) Black Rhino

  14. Probable range 1600 Range today (300,000 left) African Elephant

  15. Figure 12-7dPage 232 Former range Range today (34,000–54,000 left) Asian or Indian Elephant

  16. Extinction Threats 12.3 • Deforestation, loss of wetlands • Largest threat in tropical forests • Major habitat disturbances 1. Agriculture 2. Commercial development 3. Water development 4. Outdoor recreation 5. Livestock grazing 6. Pollution

  17. Endemic species • Found nowhere else on Earth • Often on islands • Habitat islands • Habitat surrounded by different one

  18. Figure 12-8Page 233 Cerulean warbler Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Florida scrub jay California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler Ten Most Threatened species of U. S. songbirds

  19. Habitat fragmentation • Leads to species vulnerability, disease • 1:6 birds are threatened • Birds excellent indicator; strong environmental roles • Nonnative species big threat to birds

  20. Figure 12-9aPage 235 Purple looselife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig) Deliberately introduced Species

  21. 2 4 3 5 Top Six Hot Spots 6 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Concentration of rare species 1 Low Moderate High

  22. Figure 12-9b Page 235 Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian muffle Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae Accidentally introduced Species

  23. Figure 12-10Page 236

  24. Argentina Fire Ant 1918 2000

  25. Extinction Threats from Nonnative species 12.4 • May replace native • Disrupt ecosystems • Large economic loss

  26. Characteristics of Successful Invader Species Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species • High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) • Pioneer species • Long lived • High dispersal rate • Release growth- inhibiting chemicals into soil • Generalists • High genetic variability • Similar climate to habitat of invader • Absence of predators on invading species • Early successional systems • Low diversity of native species • Absence of fire • Disturbed by human activities

  27. Alien may be intro accidentally or deliberately • Threaten native species • No natural predators, competitors, pathogens • Feral cats kill 568 million birds/yr

  28. Controlling nonnative species • Stop from being introduced (best) • Inspect imported goods • Prevent transfer w/international laws

  29. Deer populations • Exploded in suburbs • Edge species • Kill more people in U.S. than any other animal • No good resolution • Birth control? Sharp shooters?

  30. 2/3 live animals die in transit • Tiger populations low; killed for fur • Black market demand increases w/endangered label

  31. Extinction threats from poaching & hunting 12.5 • Killed for valuable parts • Sold live • Very profitable

  32. Indigenous people eat local animals • 8x increase in pop • Logging roads • Restaurants serve tropical animals • Less seed-dispersing animals

  33. Other extinction threats 12.6 • Gvt kills coyotes, prairie dogs, wolves, bobcats (all prey on livestock) • 99% of prairie dogs have been eradicated • Black-footed ferret preyed on prairie dog

  34. Global trade • Parrots • Amphibians • Reptiles • Mammals • Tropical fish • Ex-poachers in Thailand make more money with eco-tourism

  35. Pollution • Climate change • Global warming alters habitats • Animals cannot adapt fast enough

  36. North American-South American flyways European-African flyways Asian flyways

  37. Protecting wild species 12.7 • 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) • Protects 900 species from being traded & restricts 29K that may become threatened • Some countries to not abide

  38. Lacey Act of 1900 • Prohibits transporting live or dead wild animals w/o federal permit

  39. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) • Identified & illegally protects endangered species in U.S. & abroad • National Marine Fisheries, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service identify & list • Political pressure & lack of money limit ESA • (2003) DOD is exempted from protection lists

  40. (1999) USFWS • Safe harbor agreement • Landowners voluntarily restore, improve habitat

  41. Many want ESA weakened • National Academy of Science/biologists • Increase funding • Recovery plans • Support endangered for up to 50 years • Identify critical habitats • Incentives to those who protect

  42. Protecting Wild Species 12.8 • Sanctuary approach • 542 federal refuges • 1/5 of U.S. endangered & threatened species • Zoos & aquariums • Egg pulling • Captive breeding • Artificial insemination

  43. Reintroducing species into wild • Not enough suitable land • Breed in captivity not able to survive in wild • Renewed overhunting of returned species • 10,000+ need to continue evolution

  44. Reconciliation ecology 12.9 • Learn to share spaces we dominate • Utilize native plants to attract animals • Bio-diverse yards • Rooftop gardens Government land, college campuses, schools used for laboratories

  45. What Can You Do? Protecting Species • Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species. • Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics. • Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild. • Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild.

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