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### Understanding IPv6: The Next Generation of Internet Protocol ###

This overview of IPv6 discusses the evolution from IPv4, addressing key challenges such as address exhaustion, routing scalability, and security concerns. It highlights the fundamental principles of Internet architecture, including connectionless datagram switching and the client-server model. The paper reviews the necessity for IPv6, its larger address space (128 bits), and features such as unicast and multicast capabilities. Furthermore, it examines the implications for applications and potential future developments in the context of the existing Internet framework. Insights on mobile IP and dual protocol stacks are also included. ###

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### Understanding IPv6: The Next Generation of Internet Protocol ###

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Internet and IPv6 Reviews for EE290TMinghua Chen minghua@eecs.berkeley.edu

  2. Outline • Internet – “The Internet: a tutorial”, by J. Crowcroft • IPv6 – “The next generation of the Internet: aspects of the Internet protocol version 6”, by C. Lee et al.

  3. Internet – A Success • Underlying technique • IP – addressing and routing • TCP/UDP – data transmission control (e.g., error recovery, flow control) • Application • WWW (killer application) • E-mail • Telnet • Chat

  4. Internet – A Success • Underlying design • Connectionless datagram switching • Stateless end-to-end principle • Best effort • Client server model • Less assumptions  more scalable & robust  easy to develop • Cost: some performance loss (e.g. transmit data over a network whose MTU >> 576 bytes – maximum packet size in IPv4)

  5. Int. A mail system … USA Berkeley Oakland Los Angeles New York … Internet = Mail System Bottleneck

  6. Int. A better mail system … USA North CA South CA … Los Angeles Berkeley Oakland … … … Internet = Mail System

  7. Problems in IPv4 The most urgent thing!! • Scalability • Address run out • Explosive routing tables (router is the bottle neck of Internet, instead of network speed) • QoS • Best effort is not enough • Commercialized Internet • Security

  8. 460 Million users Source: Cerf, based on www.nw.com, Jan 2000 Address Run Out • 232 = 4,294,967,296, will run out before 2005 • “32 bits should be enough address space for Internet” – Vint Cerf, 1977 • 32 bit address space is approximately 107 times of the # of computers in DARPA time.

  9. Projected routing table growth without CIDR Moore’s Law and CIDR made it work for a while Deployment Period of CIDR # Of Items In A BGP Routing Table

  10. Effort On Saving IPv4 • VLSM(Variable Length Subnet Mask) • Try to figure out “problem of triple bears” • CIDR(Classless Inter-Domain Routing) • NAT(Net Address Translation) • L3 Switching，MPLS • RSVP、RTP/RTCP、DirectRoute、SSL • However, due to scalability reason, a new IP protocol has to be developed

  11. What Do IPv6 Do? • Address • 128 bits. How large it is? • ~ 3×1038 • Suppose earth as a smooth sphere, then there are one mol (6.02×1023) IPs/m2 • Why 128 bits? • Unicast, multicast, anycast • For one interface, it can have multiple IPv6 addresses • Routing • Prefix routing and aggregation (based on CIDR) • Address space is strictly aggregated • Fixed size based header

  12. Difference In Header

  13. What Do IPv6 Do? • MTU: 576 bytes  1280 bytes • Type of Class (8 bits) and Flow label (20 bits) fields in header • Mobile IP • Redirect the route to the mobile node if needed • Security architecture • Protection for key header

  14. What Do IPv6 Do? • Network management • Neighbor discovery • MTU • Address resolution • Network prefix • Address lifetimes • Address autoconfiguration • Use 64-bit IEEE EUI-64 address of the hardware • Network prefix + 64-bit hardware address

  15. IPv4  IPv6 • Won’t happen in one day • Dual protocol stacks • Currently, 6bone uses IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel to connect IPv6 nodes IPv6 node IPv6 node IPv4 world

  16. Discussions • IPv6 changes the underlying technique of Internet, then what will be the change in application? What will be the killer application in future? • In past, we have IPv4, then apps comes out; how about today’s situation?

  17. Summary • Internet is a success • IPv4 has problems, especially in address space, routing, QoS and security • IPv6 want to address those problems • It may be a long time for IPv4 migrating to IPv6

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