My Attempt to Prepare for this Class…..

1. My Attempt to Prepare for this Class….. A compilation of slides borrowed from many presentations…

2. New Forces & Food Politics • Congestion of legislative channels • Rise of affluence • increase demand for product specificity • increase ethical expectations • High concentration of the food market • Critique of agricultural practice Schwiekhardt & Browne, 2002

3. Social Surveillance • Progressive Era (1901 - 1917) muckrakers • Standard Oil • Anti-Trust legislation • Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) • Pure Drug and Food Act • Social Power and Justice • Social investing, Tobacco payments • Nike, K-Mart, Old Navy

4. Social Justice • Use of social pressure to drive change when conventional government based routes fail • Food production: GMO, hormone,antibiotic use • Social awareness investing strategies • Clothing manufacture (Nike, K-Mart, Old Navy) • Stockholder resolutions: ex. PETA and McDonald’s • International campaigns: ex. Medical research • Multinational corporations • Sensitive to social issues • Consistency test

5. When is Food too Cheap? What does the obsession with maximum output and production efficiency really cost? American Society of Animal Science Symposium 2004

6. Gallup Poll May 21, 2003 Telephone poll 1,005 Adults (18+) + 3% sampling error 71 % 25 % 3 % Deserve same rights as people Deserve some protection Don’t need much protection

7. Oppose Support 76 % 64 % 62 % 61 % 35 % 38 % 35 % 22 % Passing strict laws concerning the treatment of farm animals Banning all product testing on laboratory animals Banning all medical research on laboratory animals Banning all types Of hunting Gallup, 2003

8. Men Women 69 % 55 % 42 % 47 % 33 % 28 % 28 % 28 % 18 % 17 % Passing strict laws concerning the treatment of farm animals Banning all product testing on laboratory animals Banning all medical research on laboratory animals Same rights for animals as people Banning all types of hunting Gallup, 2003

9. “Instinctively I was drawn to the farm, intellectually to the laboratory. Here began a conflict between values of instinct and intellect that was carried through my entire life, and eventually recognized as inherent in my civilization.” Charles A. Lindbergh, Jr. (1902-1974) Autobiography of Values, 1978

10. Science • A branch of knowledge requiring systematic study (Oxford American Dictionary) • An account of how the world works: Pure or basic science • May or may not have application • Applied science: science specifically conducted with an intent to generate an application to a well-defined problem • Based on assumptions of public good • Is science value-free?

11. Ethics • Moral principles • Rules of conduct • Based in profession and/or recognized societal moral norms • Serve as basis for decision making and debate • Used with other information for determining right actions

12. Values • Standards or principles considered valuable or important in life • Quality of life issues • Humans • Animals • To consider to be of great worth or importance (Oxford American Dictionary)

13. Scientific Research…. • Scientific research is conducted, integrated and used based upon its value • Human expectations and the potential for derived benefits • Reflected in parameters for funding research • Example: Government emphasis on abundance, efficiency, wholesomeness of food form values upon which agricultural scientific research awarded • Scientific research can be biased toward specific values in the name of a perceived societal good • Cheap Food?

14. Use of Science • What science can do • Determine risks associated with certain management practices • What science cannot do • Determine what level of “risk” is acceptable • Practicality, public sensibility and values • Rely on applied ethics to assist with making this determination (J.A.Mench and J.C. Swanson, 2000)

15. “I can never help a shrewd suspicion that a worship of quantification and despise of perception may occasionally mislead one into thinking that 2 goats plus 4 oxen are equal to 6 horses. Counting the pecks of pigeons in Skinner boxes without observing what the birds really do might occasionally add up to just this.” -- Konrad Lorenz, 1960.

16. Why do scientific outcomes differ? • Animal Welfare • Differing views • 1. Biological function • Health, Growth and Reproduction • Minimize pain and injury • 2. Quality of Life (plus biological function) • Biological function + reasonable accommodation of the animal’s nature + minimizing pain and distress • 3. Natural life (plus biological function) • Animal should be allowed to satisfy most aspects of its nature • All views are based on a system of values Veterinarians Animal Scientists Applied Ethologists Public (Fraser, 2003)

17. Guidelines & Assessment Models • Reflect different values • Selection of criteria to be measured • Interpretation of data • Decision • Result in different conclusions • Result in collisions of “science” between value systems • Frequently combusts attempts to make policy • Each side produces scientists exhibiting equally valid relalties based on the value system directing their research

18. Ex. SPACE REQUIREMENTS • What you identify as important… • Avoid stress that leads to physical consequences for the animal • Animals should be allowed to make basic postural adjustments • Animals should be allowed to perform most natural behaviors, including social behaviors • Affects the criteria used to assess welfare (J.A.Mench and J.C. Swanson, 2000)

19. Why do space guidelines differ? • If living conditions to accommodate the “nature” of the animal important • Natural postural adjustments and behaviors important • Stan up, lie, down turn around, and stretch, etc. • Development of frustration/stereotypies • If health and production combined with efficiency most important • Natural postural adjustments may be minimized in the assessment process (lying and standing) • Empirical work: supports both cases

20. DIFFERENT VALUES Represent legitimate differences in our society with respect to our views of and treatment of animals (J.A.Mench and J.C. Swanson, 2000)

21. Food Retailers • Fast Food Chain response to Animal Welfare • Expect demand for animal products to continue • Implement consumer assurance strategies • Animal Care Standards • Third party audit systems • Domestic suppliers • International suppliers • Voluntary form of compliance versus involuntary • Exerted through buyer – supplier business transaction • Non-regulatory approach

22. Animal Welfare Assurance • McDonald’s and Burger King, Wendy’s • FMI & NCCR • Animal producer/commodity groups • Independent assessment/audit organizations

23. Observation….. • The food product (steak) has been un-coupled from the raw material (steer) • Requires different responsibilities • Example: Laboratory animal industry • Industry assumed responsibility for final product-e.g. pharmaceutical • Public gained control of quality of life issue for the animal • balance of power • collective conscience (expression of values)

24. Impact 1 • Scientists • AW can’t be placed into a tidy box • Interdisciplinary in nature • Single disciplinary pursuit of solutions will decrease • Behavior • Animal’s mechanism to successfully interface with its environment • Produces obvious effect when disharmony occurs • Seek input on the social/ethical features • Building teams across disciplines/dept’s/colleges • Interdisciplinary graduate degree programs Behavior Animal Welfare

25. Impact 2 • Emerging marketplace • More global and export oriented • Allegiance to US borders decreasing • Value added products • “Designer” raw materials • Special fed or handled livestock and poultry • Differentiated products • Labels and brands • Increasing market diversification • Not a collection of homogenous commodities anymore • A production unit will be producing for conventional and nontraditional markets • Responsive to social pressure UEP Animal Care Certified

26. Impact 2….. • Future agriculture-food system • Farmers/ranchers and processors will use identity preservation to add value by • Precision of quality characteristics and consistency • Including non-traditional end uses • Animal welfare • Environmental protection • Food safety • University led agricultural programs will have to shift to meet new environment

27. Public Assurance • Quality of life • pre-harvest conditions for animals • conditions/training for workers • Humane transport/processing • Quality and safety of product • Environmentally responsible • Verification of process • Assessment/audit

28. Assessment/Audit Process • Begins with the formulation of science-based guidelines/standards • Statement of criteria that define a desired result • Composed of engineering and performance standards • Engineering criteria: specific techniques/processes and criteria to achieve a result • Performance criteria: criteria that describe a desired result without specifying the technique for achieving the result

29. FMI-NCCR Animal Welfare Initiatives… • General Guideline Criteria: • Address species animal husbandry practices • Health program and monitoring • Fresh water, good nutrition and proper shelter • Environment designed to protect from abuse and distress • Managers and workers must be trained, skilled and competent

30. FMI-NCCR Animal Welfare Initiatives… • Animal standards/guidelines: • Must be science based • Derived from an appropriate review process • Mix of qualified experts • Must attempt to address items of concern • Avoid conflict of interest • Tied to the experts used

31. Animal Welfare Assessment • Assessment instrument • Built from guidelines or standards • Data collection • Purpose of evaluation against guidelines • Problem identification • Self or professionally administered • Educational problem solving tool • Swine Welfare Assessment Program • Dairy Quality Assurance • Beef Quality Assurance • Assessors participate in problem solving process with producer

32. Third Party Audit • Built from guidelines or standards • Data collection instrument • Carefully worded questions: evaluate conformance • Objective/subjective observations of practice • % slipping and falling during audit session of X number of cattle moved to the parlor (actual counts) • All personnel handling cattle are trained in….? Yes or No • Identifies producer compliance with performance or engineering criteria • Auditors do not participate in problem solving or education of producer: They are there to audit and describe to a third party what is.

33. Third-party audits • Auditors must be trained and certified • Conflict of interest criteria enforced • Ex. organizations engaged in assessment/audits • Silliker (food safety & animal welfare) • EMS (Dairy) • FACTA (Swine) • USDA-AMS (Laying hens) • Animal Welfare Assessment Program (FMI-NCCR) administered by SES, Inc. • Manage database information • Producer owns data • Avoid multiple audits of the same producer • Decrease biosecurity concerns • Screen and train qualified individuals to audit forms

34. Key Areas of Concern • Acute and chronic pain due to surgical practices, injuries or lameness • Disease and mortality • Techniques to carry out on farm euthanasia • Stunning/slaughter • Transport • Animal handling practices: staff training and education

35. World Organization for Animal Health • Office of International Epizooties • Established in 1924 by 28 countries (2003, 162 countries) • Mission • Report and share information on animal disease • Collect, analyze and disseminate veterinary medical information • Coordinate control of animal disease • Guarantee safety of world trade • Sanitary rules for trade in animals and animal products

36. OIE Working Groups • Appointees • Experts from member nations • Conduct international surveys, publish papers, organize scientific meetings, etc. • October 2002 • Established an Animal Welfare (AW) Working Group

37. OIE AW Working Group Mandate • Address public demand for animal welfare • Develop greater knowledge • Propose recommendations for the international level • Integrate ethical, scientific, economic and political dimensions • Achieve appropriate balance

38. OIE AW Working Group……. • Animal Welfare not currently recognized by WTO SPS Agreement • Difficult for WTO to handle disputes • Need for expert advice on AW issues • Members of OIE requested • Guidelines and recommendations • Good animal welfare practices • Bilateral negotiation of animal welfare disputes

39. OIE AW Working Group……. • Priority issues • Animals used in agriculture and aquaculture • Transport • Slaughter • Killing for disease control • Housing • Management • Provide expertise to • Stakeholders, international organization, animal production sectors and consumer groups • Working group members • Canada, New Zealand, Belgium (EU), Kenya, India, Egypt

40. The Future • A consumer driven food system • More public awareness and non-governmental regulations • Impact of trade on animal welfare • Developing countries, EU, & US  WTO (OIE) • Unknown – impact of food safety and security issues on public perception toward animal welfare • Unknown – legislative activities (marked increase in state initiatives – CA, IL, WA) • Opportunities for development of innovative systems