Family Malvaceae

1. Family Malvaceae http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html Erin Sanderson Bio 357 Plant Systematics 12/9/08

2. Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae Subkingdom Tracheobionta-Vascular Plants Superdivision Spermatophyta-Seed Plants Division Magnoliophyta-Flowering Plants Class Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons Subclass Dilleniidae Order Malvales Family Malvaceae 100-119 genera with 1500 accepted species Recently suggested changes in taxonomy-243 genera with 4225+ species

3. General Morphology Usually herbaceous, sometimes trees or shrubs Leaves are alternate, stipulate, simple and entire. Sometimes leaves are stellate hairy, and they may be dissected, and are usually palmately veined.

5. Flower Morphology Flowers are regular, usually perfect, 5-merous 5 Petals, distinct, often adnate to the base of the filament tube (stamen tube) 5 Sepals, distinct, or connate at base The Typifying feature of this family is the Filament tube, or stamen tube, where all the filaments of the stamens are united to form one long tube surrounding the style and sometimes the stigma.

7. Flower morphology, continued Androecium- Stamens numerous, filaments connate into a tube for most of their length Anthers Unilocular Gynoecium- Ovary Superior Carpels (1) 2-many, either loosely coherent in a ring around the base of the single style or wholly united in a compound ovary Style with as many long or short branches as there are carpels Ovules 1-many per carpel

10. Fruit The fruit in this family is: A loculicidal capsule A separating dehiscent or indehiscent schizocarp Rarely a berry

12. Variation This family is widely varied, and includes such plants as Abelmoschus eschuluentus (Okra), Adansonia rubrostipa (Baobab tree),Gossypium spp. (cotton),Corchorus olitorius (jute), and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (tropical Hibiscus)

15. Ecology Most species are tropical or warm-temperate The center of diversity of the family is in the American Tropics Individual species� habitats can vary from swamps and wetlands to sandy disturbed roadsides.

16. Distribution Cosmopolitan, found throughout the world, in varying habitats Different types of plants are specific to different areas

18. Local Genera Genera/Species found in New York State: Abutilon theophrasti Alcea rosea Althaea hirsuta Althaea officinalis Anoda cristata Hibiscus laevis Hibiscus moscheutos Hibiscus syriacus Hibiscus tronium Kosteletzkya virginica Malva alcea Malva moschata Malva neglecta Malva parviflore Malva sylvestris Malva verticillata Sida hermaphrodita Sida spinosa Sidalcea oregana Species found in Oswego county: Abutilon theophrasti* Althaea officinalis* Hibiscus tronium Malva Moschata* Malva neglecta Malva sylvestris* (Rice Creek lists Malva alcea as well)

19. Abutilon Theophrasti 160 species of Abutilon worldwide Common Name(s): Velvetleaf, pie marker Found in Oswego, Oneida, Cayuga, Onondaga, Madison, and Jefferson counties (some others as well in NYS) Found mainly in cultivated ground, roadsides and disturbed soils Annual Invasive plant- Native to S. Asia Uses: Medicinal, cult. for fiber and oil Negative impacts: affects orchards, cotton fields, maize, soybean, and vegetable fields Affected by 16 fungi and 6 arthropods.

20. Althaea officinalis Common Name(s): Marsh Mallow Found in Oswego and Onondaga counties (as well as others) Found in salt marshes as well as slightly acidic, very moist soils Perennial Native of Europe, brought to U.S. as a medicinal plant Uses: leaves and roots are edible raw or cooked, Ornamental, Medicinal-(In folk medicine)can be used as an anti-cough medication, a demulcent, a diuretic, a laxative, an Emollient, and an Odontalgic. Can be used as a toothbrush, an additive in cosmetics, a binding agent in pills, and a glue.

21. Malva Moschata Common Name(s): Musk-mallow, Musk cheeseweed Found in Oswego, Onondaga, Jefferson, and Madison counties (as well as others) Found in pastures, succesional fields, cultivated ground, roadsides, disturbed soils, and waste places Perennial Native of Europe, escaped from cultivation Somewhat aromatic-crushed leaves have a musk-like smell There is a white variation-Malva moschata alba Uses: Ornamental; Edible: Leaves, seeds, and flowers; Medicinal- folk medicine uses musk mallow as an anti-inflammatory, an astringent, a demulcent, a diuretic, an Emollient, an Expectorant, a laxative, a poultice and a salve. Can also be used to make yellow and green dyes, as well as cordage, textiles and paper.

22. Malva Sylvestris Common name(s): High mallow, cheeses Found in Oswego, Onondaga and Oneida Counties (as well as others) Found in waste areas, field verges and roadsides, avoids acidic soils Native of Eurasia, escaped from cultivation Biennial Uses: Ornamental; Edible: Leaves, Flowers, Seeds; Medicinal-folk medicine uses high mallow as an anti-inflammatory, an astringent, a demulcent, a diuretic, an emollient, an expectorant, a Laxative and a salve. Can be used to make yellow and green dyes, litmus paper, relief from insect bites, and creams.

23. Economic Importance Malvaceae includes four very important plants: Okra - Abelmoschus eschuluentus Cotton-Gossypium spp. Jute- Corchorus olitorius Ornamental Hibiscus

24. Economic Importance: Okra Grown as a vegetable crop, but not very widely Easy to grow, robust, not easily affected by pests and diseases Full of nutrients-low in calories, very little fat, high in fiber, contains protein, unsaturated fatty acids, Vitamin A and C, calcium, iron and tryptophan Grows well in Humid, arid, and high elevation environments up to 1,000m Can be harvested at a rate of 20,000 to 30,000 plants per hectare Uses: Immature pods eaten raw or cooked, mucus released during cooking can be used as a thickening agent Seeds used in the place of peas or beans in soups or other dishes Seeds used as a coffee substitute Seed oil (40% of seed) used to make margarine or shortening Remaining seed residue is a livestock feed source Seeds can be made into �tofu� Leaves eaten raw or cooked Remaining biomass after harvest good fuel source Ornamental plant Leaves and Immature fruit have been used to relieve pain

25. Abelmoschus eschuluentus-Okra

26. Economic Importance: Cotton Cotton is grown as a cash crop in over 70 countries The oil from the seeds is used for: Cooking Vegetable oil Soap-making seedcakes The fibers from the seeds are used for : Major textile production globally, over 266 uses Insulation/Soundproofing Medical and cosmetic supplies Fibers in car tires Cotton waste from textile production is used to improve feed for livestock- it adds fiber content The average production for large-scale producers is 1,700 kg/ha of cotton lint (1700kg=3,700lbs) India-60 million people gain income from the cotton-textile sector Pakistan- 35% of workforce is employed by the textile industry, cottonseed oil accounts for 85% of vegetable oil produced China-50 million households produce cotton

27. Gossypium spp. Maywa co. is using raw cotton material to develop a biofuel similar to gasoline capable of powering vehicles. . Scientists at Pacific Northwest National laboratory are using crystals formed from the cellulose from cotton fibers to engineer metallic crystals for use in biosensors, biological imaging, drug delivery and catalytic converters, as well as developing nanotechnology

28. MALVACEAE ARE EVERYWHERE! Any questions?

29. References http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Malvaceae http://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/Plant_Families/Malvaceae.htm http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/when_cotton_was_king/ http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1905 http://www.invasive.org/weeds/asian/abutilon.pdf http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/althaeaoffi.html http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Althaea+officinalis http://www.evergreeneffect.com/tag/organic-cotton/ http://www.soundproofing.org/infopages/natural_fiber.htm http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00013.htm http://productcatalogue.hartmann.info/PHb2c/b2c/Z_init.do?shop=DE_EN_CAT&language=en&Z_areaID=3EC020792482E056E10000000A808F21 http://www.jstor.org/pss/1052654?cookieSet=1 http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B01E0D6113CE633A25754C0A9679C946396D6CF http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/dnnl-nmc032607.php http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e08.htm http://www.ecofriend.org/entry/now-producing-gas-from-raw-cotton/ Walters, D.R., Keil, D.J., & Murrell, Z.E. (2006). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt publishing company. Fryxell, Paul A. (1997).The american genera of malvaceae-II. Brittonia. 49, No.2, 204-269. Gillhem, F.E.M. et.al. (1995). Cotton Production prospects for the next decade. World Bank Technical papers, 287, Retrieved Nov 29, 2008, from http://books.google.com/books?id=2gAGmSI4AwkC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=CRI+at+GIZA&source=web&ots=dRxM5kLfuQ&sig=zltFG17rSJW39qKuwoT8fiVCT7E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPP3,M1