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This document provides a detailed examination of various characteristics of bacteria, including morphological, metabolic, chemical, ecological, genetic, antigenic, pathogenic, and cultural traits. Key insights are offered on numerical taxonomy, genetic relatedness through DNA homology and ribosomal RNA analysis, and the binomial nomenclature system. Emphasis is placed on the classification criteria established in Bergey's Manual, highlighting the importance of metabolic processes, nutrient transport, and enzymatic activities in bacterial identification and taxonomy.

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    1. ???????????????????????????????

    3. ????????????????????????????????????????? 1.???????????????????? (Morphological characteristics): ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? 2. ????????????????????? (Metabolic characteristics) : ???????????????????????????????????????? metabolism ???? ?????????? oxidation ???????????/ ????????? ???????????????????????????????? 3. ????????????????????????? (Chemical composition) ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????

    4. 4. ??????????????????? (Ecological characteristics) : ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5. ?????????????????? (Genetic Analysis) : ??????????????????? DNA 6. ????????????????? (Antigenic characteristics) : ???????????????????????????????????????????? 7. ?????????????????????? (Pathogenicity) 8. ????????????????????????? (Cultural characteristics) : ?????????????????????????????????????????????

    6. ??????????????????????????????????? Numerical Toxonomy Genetic relatedness : DNA homology Ribosomal RNA homology exoperiments and ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide cataloging

    7. Numerical Toxonomy ?????????????? ??? bacteria ?????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????? ?????????????????????

    8. ?????????? % ???????????????? (% similarity, % S) % S= NS/NS+ND NS= ??????????????????????? (???????????????????) ND= ?????????????????????

    9. Genetic relatedness

    10. ?????????????????????????? DNA ????????????????????????

    11. Genetic relatedness DNA homology DNA ????????????????????????????????????????????????? DNA ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????? DNA ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    12. DNA hybridization

    13. Genetic relatedness Ribosomal RNA homology experiments and ribosomal RNA oligonucleotide cataloging ?????????????????????????????????? rRNA ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? DNA ??????????? ?????????????????????? rRNA ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    14. ???????????????????????? (Bacterial Nomenclature) 1. Nomenclature Binomial system Two words First Word - Genus Second Word - Describes Species

    18. ?????????????????????????? 1. Early Classification Systems Carolus Linnaeus—1750s Two Kingdom System Plant Animal

    27. Bacterial taxonomy Bergey‘s Manual Criteria for identification and classification Metabolic Energy Yielding Processes - Fermentation Energy Utilizing Processes - Nutrient transport Motility Enzymes

    30. ??????????????????????????????????

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