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Understanding DNA and RNA: Types, Functions, and Mutations in Genetic Code

This overview explains the two types of nucleic acids: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). It highlights the structure of each, with DNA as a double-stranded helix and RNA as a single strand, and details their respective bases. The process of DNA unzipping, mRNA formation, and the role of tRNA in protein synthesis is described. Additionally, it explores mutations that can affect genetic information, providing examples of point mutations and frame shifts, along with their implications for genetic diseases like sickle cell anemia.

ivory-wilkinson
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Understanding DNA and RNA: Types, Functions, and Mutations in Genetic Code

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  1. DNA & RNA SBI 3U

  2. Two types of Nucleic Acids • DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid (double strand) 4 Bases Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine • RNA - Ribonucleic acid (single strand) 4 Bases Adenine, Uracil (replaces Thymine) Cytosine, Guanine

  3. How DNA works • The double helix unzips and reveals a section of genetic code. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfZ8o9D1tus&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z685FFqmrpo&feature=related

  4. Types of RNA • mRNA – messenger RNA Enters the nucleus through the nuclear pores and “reads” the unzipped portion of the DNA strand.

  5. tRNA – transfer RNA “reads” the mRNA strand in groups of 3 CODONS. Collects correct Amino Acid from the cell cytoplasm and adds this to the developing strand of amino acids.

  6. DNA strand unzips. T A C T T C A A A A A C C G A C C G A T A

  7. mRNA strand mRNA leaves nucleus returns to Endoplasmic Reticulum . Links to Ribosomes.

  8. tRNA collects amino acids and links them onto the developing protein

  9. Where is DNA found? • Nucleus of Eukarotic cells • DNA strand in Prokaryotic cells

  10. A A G U A U C G G U C mRNA = AAG –UAU- CGC - UC

  11. CODONS • Genetic Words • Start = AUG (Met) Like the capital letter of a sentence. • Stop = UGA, UAA, UAG – like the period at the end of a sentence.

  12. Mutations • Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. • The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. FRAME SHIFT. • T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at. • Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi sha t.

  13. Genetic Diseases The sickle cell mutation. One amino acid out of a total 287 differs in sickle cell haemoglobin compared with normal haemoglobin. In the latter, the triplet GAG (guanine, adenine, guanine) codes for the amino acid glutamic acid (left-hand diagram).

  14. Genes • A gene is a sentence that tells a cell how to make a protein. Any changes to the instructions can alter the gene’s meaning. There are different ways that these changes can occur.

  15. Point Mutation: Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Point Mutation The fat hat ate the wee rat. Frame-shift mutation: Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift The fat caatet hew eer at.

  16. Deletion: Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Deletion The fat ate the wee rat. Insertion: Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Insertion The fat cat xlw ate the wee rat.

  17. Inversion: Original The fat cat ate the wee rat. Insertion The fat tar eew eht eta tac.

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