1. Web Services Security Maria Lizarraga CS691

2. Agenda • Problem Definition • SOAP Messages • Implementing Security Services • Integrity • Confidentiality • Authentication • Implementation Maria Lizarraga

3. What is a web service? • A web service is a web software application available on the network that provides an interface for exchanging information with a client. • the software application • a method to interface to the application • URI associated with the application • a published document that gives visibility to the world Maria Lizarraga

4. Architecture Maria Lizarraga

5. Maria’s Competitive Loan Service Maria Lizarraga

6. Network Layer Firewall • Firewall authenticates user • SOAP server cannot distinguish between • Business Partner • Customer Maria Lizarraga

7. Solution • Make firewall XML and SOAP aware • SOAP message contains security information • Intruders now stopped at the firewall Maria Lizarraga

8. Simple Object Access Protocol, SOAP Message • XML • Embedded into HTTP • Three parts • Envelope • Header • Body Maria Lizarraga

9. SOAP Message POST /GradesService/services/GradesService HTTP/1.0 Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 Accept: application/soap+xml, application/dime, multipart/related, text/* User-Agent: IBM WebServices/1.0 Host: localhost:9080 Cache-Control: no-cache Pragma: no-cache SOAPAction: "" Content-Length: 356 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/ envelope/" xmlns:soapenc="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/ encoding/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema- instance"> <soapenv:Body> <getStudents xmlns="http://grades"/> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> Application package grades; public class GradesService { final int NUMSTUDENTS = 4; String[] students; char[] grade; public GradesService ( ) { students = new String [] {"Mary", "Joe", "Sally", "Tim"}; grade = new char [] {'A', 'B', 'C', 'D'}; } // end constructor public char getStudentGrade (String student) { for (int i = 0; i < NUMSTUDENTS; i++) if (student.equals(students[i])) return grade[i]; return 'Z'; } // end getStudentGrade public String getStudent (int studentID) { return students[studentID]; } // end getStudent public String[] getStudents ( ) { return students; } // end getStudents public static void main(String[] args){ GradesService gs = new GradesService(); for (int i = 0; i < gs.NUMSTUDENTS; i++) System.out.println("Student: " + gs.getStudent (i) + "\tGrade:” + gs.getStudentGrade(gs.getStudent(i))); } // end main } // end class GradesService SOAP Request – Digital Signature Maria Lizarraga

10. HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: WebSphere Application Server/5.1 Content-Type: text/xml; charset=utf-8 Content-Language: en-US Connection: close <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/" xmlns:soapenc="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/encoding/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"> <soapenv:Body> <getStudentsResponse xmlns="http://grades"> <getStudentsReturn> Mary </getStudentsReturn> <getStudentsReturn> Joe </getStudentsReturn> <getStudentsReturn> Sally </getStudentsReturn> <getStudentsReturn> Tim </getStudentsReturn> </getStudentsResponse> </soapenv:Body> </soapenv:Envelope> Response Maria Lizarraga

11. Security Services • Confidentiality • XML Encryption • Integrity • XML Digital Signature • Authentication • Security Tokens Maria Lizarraga

12. Client Application Maria Lizarraga

13. Integrity and Authentication Example Goal • Message Integrity • Message Authentication • User Authentication Process • Obtain the message digest of the message. • Encrypt message digest with sender’s private key. Maria Lizarraga

14. XML Digital Signature • <BinarySecurityToken> -- This section is for specifying the encoding format for binary encoded security tokens. • EncodingType -- Encoding used on Security Token • ValueType -- • ID • Encoded Digital Certificate • <Signature> -- Signature specific information. It contains the following three subsections: • <SignedInfo> -- Processing information – How it is signed • <CanonicalizationMethod> -- Normalizing data algorithm • <SignatureMethod> -- Signature algorithm • <Reference> -- Points to signed content • <Transforms> -- How to process data • <DigestMethod> -- Hashing algorithm used on <body> • <DigestValue> • <SignatureValue> -- Value of the signed data • <KeyInfo> -- Optional key identifier (such as a public key/symmetric key) • <wsse:SecurityTokenReference> • Reference -- Refers to public key inside Digital Certificate Digital Signature Request Example Digital Signature Response Example Maria Lizarraga

15. Confidentiality Example Goal • Only allow those who have “a need to know” see the data Process • Encrypt <body> with symmetric key • Encrypt symmetric key with recipient's public key Maria Lizarraga

16. XML Encryption • <EncryptedKey> -- Symmetric key information • <EncryptionMethod> -- Method of Encryption • <KeyInfo> -- Encrypted Key Identifier • <SecurityTokenReference> • <KeyIdentifier> • <CipherData> • <CiperValue> -- Encrypted Symmetric Key • <ReferenceList> -- Reference to the encrypted text Encryption Request Example Encryption Response Example Maria Lizarraga

17. Other XML Encryption Options • Encrypt entire message • Encrypt attachments • Encrypt any element • Encrypt an encrypted element Maria Lizarraga

18. Basic Authentication Example Goal • Identify the user Process • Provide user name • Provide user password (not encrypted) Maria Lizarraga

19. Basic Authentication • < UsernameToken> • <Username> • <Password> Basic Authentication Request Example Basic Authentication Response Example Maria Lizarraga

20. Security Tokens Security Tokens used to Authenticate • Basic Authentication • Login/Password • Digital Signature • Public Key/Private Key • ID Assertion • Single Sign-On • LTPA – Lightweight Third Party Authentication • Single Sign-On • Forwardable Credentials Maria Lizarraga

21. Assertions Maria Lizarraga

22. LTPA Maria Lizarraga

23. Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) <wsse:UsernameToken wsu:Id=“LoanCenterUsernameToken">     <wsse:Username> CompetitiveLoanService</wsse:Username> <wsse:Nonce>WS3Lhf6RpK...</wsse:Nonce> <wsu:Created> 2003-06-12T09:00:00Z </wsu:Created> </wsse:UsernameToken> Maria Lizarraga

24. WebSphere Implementation Wizard support for: • XML Encryptions • XML Digital Signatures (One or the other, not both for <body> of message) Without Wizardry: • Security Tokens • Basic Authentication • Digital Signatures • Assertions • LTPA • Multiple Encryption on any part of message • Multiple Digital Signatures on any part of message Maria Lizarraga

25. Summary • Web Service Architecture • SOAP • Implementing Security Services • Integrity  XML Digital Signature • Confidentiality  XML Encryption • Authentication  Security Tokens Maria Lizarraga

26. References • XML Signature WG (specification), http://www.w3.org/Signature/ • XML Encryption WG (specification), http://www.w3.org/Encryption/2001/ • OASIS Security Services (SAML) TC, http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=security • OASIS eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (XACML) TC, http://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=xacml • SOAP Tutorial, http://www.w3schools.com/soap • Specification: Web Services Security (WS-Security), http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/webservices/library/ws-secure/ Maria Lizarraga