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Lipogenesis . Metabolism of cholesterol. Functions of Cholesterol. a precursor of steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, etc.) a precursor of bile acids a precursor of vitamin D. important component of many mammalian membranes (modulates the fluidity).
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Functions of Cholesterol • a precursor of steroid hormones (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, etc.) • a precursor of bile acids • a precursor of vitamin D • important component of many mammalian membranes (modulates the fluidity)
Sources of Cholesterol • from the diet • can be synthesized de novo (about 800 mg of cholesterol per day) - in the liver (major site) - in the intestine • Liver-derived and dietary cholesterol are both delivered to body cells by lipoproteins
Synthesis of Cholesterol Acetyl CoA (C2) Isopentenyl pyrophosphate (C5) Squalene (C30) Cholesterol (C27) Three stages of cholesterol biosynthesis 1. Synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, that is the key building block of cholesterol, from acetyl CoA 2. Condensation of six molecules of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to form squalene 3.Squalene cyclizes and the tetracyclic product is converted into cholesterol
A. Stage 1: Acetyl CoA to Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate • All carbons of cholesterol come from cytosolic acetyl CoA (transported from mitochondria via citrate transport system)
Sequential condensation of three molecules of acetyl CoA Two molecules of acetyl CoA condense to form acetoacetyl CoA. Enzyme – thiolase.
Acetoacetyl CoA reacts with acetyl CoA and water to give 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) and CoA. Enzyme: HMG-CoA synthase
In cytoplasm 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA is reduced to mevalonate. Enzyme: HMG-CoA reductase In mitochondria 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA is cleaved to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate. Enzyme: HMG-CoA lyase.
HMG-CoA reductase • HMG-CoA reductase is an integral membrane proteinin theendoplasmic reticulum • Primary site for regulating cholesterol synthesis • Cholesterol-lowering statin drugs (e.g. Lovastatin) inhibit HMG-CoA reductase Lovastatin resembles mevalonate
Mevalonate is converted into 3-isopentenyl pyrophosphatein three consecutive reactions requiring ATP and decarboxylation. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is a key building block for cholesterol and many other important biomolecules.
Stage 2: • Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate to Squalene Isopentenyl pyrophosphate is isomerized to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate.
C5 units isopentenyl pyrophosphate react with C5 units dimethylallyl pyrophosphate to yield C10 compound geranyl pyrophosphate
C10 compound geranyl pyrophosphate reacts with C5 units isopentenyl pyrophosphate and C15 compound is formed - farnesyl pyrophosphate.
Reductive tail-to-tail condensation of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphate results in the formation of C30 compound squalene
C. Stage 3: Squalene to Cholesterol Squalene activated by conversion into squalene epoxide. Squalene epoxide is cyclized to lanosterol.
Lanosterol is converted into cholesterol in a multistep process.
THE REGULATION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS Regulatory enzyme - 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase. Tetrameric enzyme. NADPH - coenzyme
HMG CoA reductase is controlled in multiple ways: • The rate of synthesis of reductase mRNA is controlled by the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP). • When cholesterol levels fall this protein migrates to the nucleus and enhance transcription. • The rate of translation of reductase mRNA is inhibited by cholesterol • The degradation of the reductaseis controlled. • The increase of cholesterol concentration makes the enzyme more susceptible to proteolysis. • 4. Phosphorylation decreases the activity of the reductase. • Enzyme is switched off by an AMP-activated protein kinase. Thus, cholesterol synthesis ceases when the ATP level is low.
