Download
1 / 28
280 likes | 355 Vues
THE INTERNET: A NURSING RESOURCE. History of the Internet.
E N D
THE INTERNET: A NURSING RESOURCE
History of the Internet • The history of the Internet began with the development of computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks.
In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail.
Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication. By 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.
In order for computers to communicate with one another, standard methods of information transfer and processing have been devised. These are referred to as "protocols" and some of the more common ones such as TCP, IP, UDP, POP, SMTP, HTTP, and FTP. COMPUTER PROTOCOL THAT MAKE USE OF THE INTERNET POSSIBLE: • TCP/IP • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol) are two different procedures that are often linked together. The linking of several protocols is common since the functions of different protocols can be complementary so that together they carry out some complete task. The combination of several protocols to carry out a particular task is often called a "stack" because it has layers of operations. In fact, the term "TCP/IP" is normally used to refer to a whole suite of protocols, each with different functions. This suite of protocols is what carries out the basic operations of the Web. TCP/IP is also used on many local area networks. The details of how the Web works are beyond the scope of this article but I will briefly describe some of the basics of this very important group of protocols.
UDP PROTOCOL • UDP is used for things like FINGER and other programs which prioritize speed over reliability, and whose data is not worth the overhead that establishing a TCP connection demands. UDP is neither intelligent enough to compensate for congestion and receiver's speed, nor is it complex enough to care. There is no guarantee that the segments will arrive in order, or at all. It's also possible, if a long enough delay causes a re-send, to receive duplicate segments.
Post Office Protocol In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layerInternet standardprotocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval.[2] Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed through several versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Most webmail service providers such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail also provide IMAP and POP3 service.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP was first defined by RFC 821 (1982, eventually declared STD 10),and last updated by RFC 5321 (2008) which includes the extended SMTP (ESMTP) additions, and is the protocol in widespread use today. SMTP uses TCPport 25. The protocol for new submissions (MSA) is effectively the same as SMTP, but it uses port 587 instead. SMTP connections secured by SSL are known by the shorthand SMTPS, though SMTPS is not a protocol in its own right.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.
File Transfer Protocol File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a private development machine to a public web-hosting server. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and uses separate control and data connections between the client and the server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol, normally in the form of a username and password, but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it. For secure transmission that hides (encrypts) your username and password, as well as encrypts the content, you can try using a client that uses SSH File Transfer Protocol.
STEPS IN EVALUATING INFORMATION OBTAINED ON THE INTERNET: • Step 1: Understand and State the Need • Don’t just jump right in and type a few words in Google. Take time before starting your search to clearly identify the user’s (or your own) information needs. Be clear about: what is and is not needed, how much information, of what quality, and by when. This means asking questions.
Step 2: Develop a Search Worksheet: Before you begin to search the Internet, develop a worksheet on the question you are researching. Include on this worksheet any specific search requirements you must meet. You will probably want to update the worksheet after you perform a preliminary search.
Step 3: Develop the Search Strategy. You develop the search strategy in three, sequential actions. First: Conceptualize Your Query. To develop a successful search strategy, you need to conceptualize the query. [This means thinking through how you will ask the question on various search engines and/or databases.] Consider what you want (for example, documents, images, or videos). Think out both explicit and implicit concepts (and their synonyms) for your search. Pregnancy prevention is an explicit concept of this search while contraceptive education and sex education are implicit concepts.
Second: Select and Sequence Your Sources. If you do not know much about your topic, it may be most useful to begin your search in the “visible Web,” using a Web directory (such as Yahoo! Search Directory, http://dir.yahoo.com/) or a Web search engine (such as Google, http://www.google.com/, or Scirus, http://www.scirus.com/). These may assist you in identifying appropriate terminology for your search as well as prominent and reputable publishers, organizations, and individuals working in the field you are researching. Third: Translate the Conceptual Query Formulation. Read the “help, “tips,” or “how-to” page for each chosen search directory (such as the Yahoo! Help Directory http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/dir/), search engine (such as the Scirus Search Tips, http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/tips/), and Web-based searchable database (such as Advocates for Youth’s How to Search Online, http://www.advocatesforyouth.org/factsfigures/help.htm). These pages will help you figure out how best to execute your search.
Step 4: Execute Your Search Strategy. Execute your search in at least two different search systems. Results will vary greatly across search directories, search engines, and Web-based searchable databases. Earlier, you selected and sequenced your sources. Now, it is time to execute the search in the order you selected. Don’t get discouraged if at first you don’t find the results you are looking for. Review at least the first 100 results retrieved by a search engine. You might be surprised at how many times that perfect piece of information is found, not on the first, but on the eighth or later page of results! The engine tries to sort by relevance, but remember that its criteria for relevance aren’t the same as yours.
Step 5: Evaluate Your Search Results. • Not everything you find on the Internet is good information. Points to consider in evaluating any information resource, print or electronic, include: • Authorship • Publisher • Objectivity • Referral to and/or acknowledgment of the literature • Accuracy or verifiability of details • Currency
Step 6: Provide Search Results to the User. When presenting the search results to the user (including yourself), return to the original search request. Review the initial search requirements worksheet and be sure that you’ve met the requirements.
BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS TO INTERNET USE Internet Advantages • Faster CommunicationThe foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures.
Information ResourcesInformation is probably the biggest advantage that Internet offers. Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless. • EntertainmentEntertainment is another popular raison d'être why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded from the Internet for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers.
Social NetworkingOne cannot imagine an online life without Facebook or Twitter. Social networking has become so popular amongst youth that it might one day replace physical networking. It has evolved as a great medium to connect with millions of people with similar interests. Apart from finding long-lost friends, you can also look for job, business opportunities on forums, communities etc. Besides, there are chat rooms where users can meet new and interesting people. Some of them may even end up finding their life partners. • Online ServicesInternet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc., right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc.
e-commerceThe concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial maneuvering or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and service will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online.
Theft of Personal InformationIf you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number etc. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble. Internet Disadvantages • Spamming Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable.
Virus ThreatInternet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to Internet are very prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. • PornographyPornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated stuff. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even play a havoc in marital and social lives of adults.
Social DisconnectThanks to Internet, people now only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children.
Social Networking Strategies for Personal and Professional Use The increasing adoption of social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn presents an interesting quandary for people who want to use social media for both personal (keep in touch with family and friends) and professional (network with colleagues) purposes. Do you juggle separate personal and business profiles for each of these networks? Or should you use one account that merges both your professional "brand" image and your personal life? How you should use these social networks depends on your objectives and comfort with mixing business and personal information. The most important thing to remember is that even if you maintain separate personal and professional identities online, any information you share online can be made public or accessible to others.
