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Capital Investment Decision

Capital Investment Decision. Capital Investment Decision. Revision Purpose Methods. The Investment Decision. The objective of the corporation is to Maximise Shareholders Wealth

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Capital Investment Decision

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  1. Capital Investment Decision

  2. Capital Investment Decision Revision • Purpose • Methods

  3. The Investment Decision • The objective of the corporation is to Maximise Shareholders Wealth • To do this we need to invest in those projects that will give the correct rate of return for the risk involved • To do this we need to be able to

  4. The Investment Decision • Identify suitable investment opportunities • Decide on the best selection method • Identify the cash flows that will be generated by those investments • Discount them at the correct cost of capital • Choose the best one or ones from those available

  5. Capital Investment Decision The ideal selection method will • Select the project that maximises shareholders wealth • Consider all cash flows • Discount the cash flows at the appropriate market determined opportunity cost of capital • Will allow managers to consider each project independently from all others

  6. Capital Investment Decision Methods for evaluating projects • Payback • ARR, Accounting Rate of Return • IRR. Internal rate of return is the discount rate that will give a Net Present Value of 0. • NPV is the Net Present Value of a stream of cash flows discounted at the correct cost of capital for the degree of risk inherent in realising those cash flows • NPV is best but what do companies use and why?

  7. Capital Investment Decision Figure 6.1 NPV of FFF’s New Project The graph shows the NPV as a function of the discount rate. The NPV is positive only for discount rates that are less than 14%, the internal rate of return (IRR). Given the cost of capital of 10%, the project has a positive NPV of $100 million.

  8. Capital Investment Decision • We know that the NPV is the best method because; • The reinvestment rate assumption • Value additivity • Differences in scale • Multiple IRRs

  9. Capital Investment Decision Why not IRR and does it have a use? Delayed Investments The Bonzo Dog DoDah Band are offered USD2,000,000 today from a rich investor to make a new vinyl LP. They calculate that they will need three years to make the recording and that they will have to give up earnings in each of those years of USD 1,000,000. Should they do it? ACFL1 9

  10. Capital Investment Decision 1st question. What is the opportunity cost of capital? Say 6% 2nd question. What is the IRR? With a wild stabbing guess say 23.38% +2,000,000 – 1,000,000 – 1,000,000 – 1,000,000 1.2338 (1.2338)2 (1.2338)3 - 1,999,855 = -810,504 - 656,917 - 532,434 That’s close enough ACFL1 10

  11. Capital Investment Decision But using 6% as the cost of capital + 2,000,000 – 1,000,000 – 1,000,000 -1,000,000 (1.06) (1.06)2 (1.06)3 -2,673,022 = -943,396 - 889,996 - 839,630 So what should they do? Can we explain what is going on here? ACFL1 11

  12. Capital Investment Decision • Value Additivity Try working out the NPV for the following - 1,000,000 + 350,000 +650,000 +650,000 +650,000 • 1,000,000 + 650,000 +650,000 +650,000 + 350,000 At 10% and now combine them. What is the combined NPV? Answer = 787,686 and 855,509 = 1,643,195 As combined flows = 1,643,193

  13. Capital Investment Decision -1,000,000 + 350,000 +650,000 +650,000 +650,000 • IRR = 39% -1,000,000 + 650,000 +650,000 +650,000 + 350,000 • IRR = 49% - 2,000,000 + 1,000,000 +1,300,000 + 1,300,000 +1,000,000 - IRR = 43.5%

  14. Capital Investment Decision • Issues of scale • What would you prefer A return of 50 % or one of 20% ? an NPV of 50 or an NPV of 500? Depends for the IRR but you would prefer the higher NPV

  15. Advanced Corporate Finance Project A with IRR of 12% -1201 + 500 + 500 + 500 PVF 1.1200 1.2544 1.4049 PV +1201 446 399 356 Double the scale IRR still 12% -2402 +1000 +1000 +1000 PV +2402 893 797 712 ACFL1 15

  16. Capital Investment DecisionFigure 6.4 B&DeM In this case, there is more than one IRR, invalidating the IRR rule. If the opportunity cost of capital is either below 4.723% or above 19.619%, Star should make the investment.

  17. Capital Investment Decision • So, its NPV But………. • Some Reasons for usage of wrong techniques. • Managers prefer % figures => IRR, ARR • Managers don’t understand NPV/ Complicated Calculations. • Payback simple to calculate. • Short-term compensation schemes => Payback (Levy 200 –203, Pike 1985 pg 49). • Behavioural Factors (see later section on Behavioural Finance!!) • Increase in Usage of correct DCF techniques: • Computers. • Management Education.

  18. Capital Investment Decision How do we decide when resources are constrained? We need to maximise NPV which may mean not going for the project with the highest NPV, rather the combination of projects that gives the highest total NPV. Why would resources be constrained? This could be due to Capital Rationing ACFL1 18

  19. Capital Investment Decision 150million to invest Three projects Project NPV Investment PI* A 100 125 .80 B 80 75 1.07 C 70 75 .93 *PI = Profitability Index = Value Created Resource Consumed ACFL1 19

  20. Capital investment Decision • What about other scarce resources? • E.g. bright Bath Students There are never enough

  21. Capital Investment Decision • Profitability Index = Value created = NPV Resource consumed RC

  22. Capital Investment Decision A mere 200 students are available

  23. Capital Investment Decision • Try this one 380 tonnes of scarce material

  24. Capital Investment Decision • What do you notice? • So? Now Moving on

  25. Capital Investment Decision • Remember We have to look at all the relevant, incremental cash flows - Taxes/tax losses - Opportunity costs - Depreciation - Working capital - Cannibalisation

  26. Capital Investment Decision Illustrations using examples from B&DeM • New project, units 100,000 pa at 260 per unit = 26 million • Cost of production is 110 per unit = 11M • Gross profit 15 million pa • Operating expenses = 2.8 million pa • 5 million to be spent on design and engineering • 10 million on software • 7.5 million equipment depreciated over 5 years on straight line basis

  27. Capital Investment Decision Table 7.1 HomeNet’s Incremental Earnings Forecast (Spreadsheet)

  28. Capital Investment Decision • Points to make so far 1 Tax losses 2 Depreciation 3 Interest cost Now Opportunity cost

  29. Capital Investment Decision • New lab will be housed in existing space. What should the cost be? • Well what are the alternative uses? • Suppose could rent for 200,000 pa for years 1 to 4 then this is a foregone income of 200,000 x (1-.4)

  30. Capital Investment Decision • Cannibalisation 25 % of the sales of the new product will come from existing sales of a similar product. How do we account for this? Lost revenue at price of 100 per unit 100,000 x .25 x 100 = 2,500,000 But there will be lower cost of sales 100,000 x .25 x 60 (cost per unit) = 1.5 m

  31. Capital Investment Decision • Table 7.2 HomeNet’s Incremental Earnings Forecast Including Cannibalization and Lost Rent

  32. Capital Investment Decision • Need to work out the Free Cash Flow i.e. the effect of the project on the company’s cash. • So far looked at sales and costs just need to add a couple of things in. 1. Depreciation (which you are already familiar with 2. Net working capital

  33. Capital investment Decision Table 7.3 Calculation of HomeNet’s Free Cash Flow (Including Cannibalization and Lost Rent)

  34. Capital Investment Decision Table 7.5 Computing HomeNet’s NPV (Spreadsheet)

  35. Capital Investment Decision • Anything else? • Timing of cash flows • Liquidation/salvage value • Terminal Value - multiple - constant growth

  36. Capital Investment DecisionTerminal value • Constant Growth 1) Year 5 free cash flow is 3,000,000. If cost of capital is 10% then PV at end year 5 of future cash flows is 3,000,000 = 30,000,000 .10 2) Suppose expect to grow at 3% pa thereafter Then PV at end year five of future cash flows is 3,000,000 = 42,857,143 .10 - .03

  37. Capital Investment Decision • Break even analysis Using the IRR to give a feel for the ‘margin of safety’ ref the cost of capital • Sensitivity analysis • Scenario analysis

  38. Capital Investment DecisionSensitivity Analysis Table 7.9 Best- and Worst-Case Parameter Assumptions for HomeNet

  39. Capital Investment Decision Figure 7.1 HomeNet’s NPV Under Best- and Worst-Case Parameter Assumptions Green bars show the change in NPV under the best-case assumption for each parameter; red bars show the change under the worst-case assumption. Also shown are the break-even levels for each parameter. Under the initial assumptions, HomeNet’s NPV is $5.0 million.

  40. Capital Investment DecisionScenario Analysis Table 7.10 Scenario Analysis of Alternative Pricing Strategies

  41. Capital Investment Decision Figure 7.2 Price and Volume Combinations for HomeNet with Equivalent NPV The graph shows alternative price per unit and annual volume combinations that lead to an NPV of $5.0 million. Pricing strategies with combinations above this line will lead to a higher NPV and are superior.

  42. Capital Investment Decision • Summary • Investments should add to shareholder wealth • NPV is the correct method • Incremental free cash flows • Forecasting cash flows

  43. Advanced Corporate Finance Before moving on to other aspects of using the NPV approach we should consider EVA or Economic Value Added. ‘The cash flows of a project less a capital charge that reflects the opportunity cost of the capital invested as well as any capital consumed’ How does it differ from NPV? ACFL1 43

  44. Advanced Corporate Finance Basically NPV gives the return of a project over a period of time while EVA focuses more on the individual time segments within the overall period but will give the same result ACFL1 44

  45. Capital Investment Decision

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