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CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 5. THE GASEOUS STATE. I. Characteristics of a Gas. A) Gases assume the shape and volume of a container. B) Gases are the most compressible of all the states of matter. C) Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container.

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CHAPTER 5

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  1. CHAPTER 5 THE GASEOUS STATE

  2. I. Characteristics of a Gas A) Gases assume the shape and volume of a container. B) Gases are the most compressible of all the states of matter. C) Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the same container. D) Gases have lower densities than liquids or solids.

  3. II. Historical Perspective A) It was the first state studied in detail. B) It is the easiest state to understand - for the purposes of general chemistry, there is a simple mathematical equation for the general description of a gas which works well in the real world, over a certain range of temperatures and pressures.

  4. C) The study of gases and its results formed the primary experimental evidence for our belief that matter is made up of particles. MATTER IS NOT CONTINUOUS. III. Measurable Properties of a Gas A) Mass - moles - symbol is n B) Pressure - symbol is P C) Volume - symbol is V D) Temperature - must be in K - symbol is T

  5. IV. Measuring the Mass of a Gas is Difficult. Demonstration of Balloons A) Balloons appear to lose mass when certain gases are added to them. WHY? All expandable containers have this problem. B) Constant volume containers, like glass flasks, have a different problem.

  6. What is that problem? How is it solved? How are these problems overcome? V. Pressure and Its Measurement A) Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area of surface. B) Think of a gas confined in a box - the top, bottom, and sides of the box are areas - the gas exerts force on all sides of the box which are AREAS

  7. C) In the U.S., the units of pressure seen on tires, tire gauges, reported by mechanics are _________. D) Pounds must be a unit of _________, and square inches is a unit of _________.

  8. FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION WEIGHT = mg = mass x the acceleration due to gravity E) In the SI system, the unit of pressure is the pascal, Pa. 1 Newton is the resultant force which imparts to a 1 kilogram mass an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 .

  9. A penny on a table exerts a force of about 100 Pa of pressure – 1 Pa is a very small unit of pressure. Chemists have not wholeheartedly adopted this unit. F) With respect to gases:

  10. 1) on weather reports - barometric pressure is given in __________. How can inches (a unit of length) be equated with force/area? In the lab you will measure the pressure in mm of Hg, with a barometer invented by Torricelli (another unit of pressure, the torr, is named after him), mm is another unit of length.

  11. a) What is a barometer? How do you get the Hg up the tube? What holds it up there? Does the diameter of the glass tube affect the height of Hg in the tube?

  12. Units of pressure and their relationships are: 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi = 29.92 inches of Hg VI.MEASURE THE VOLUME OF A GAS A) A gas occupies all the volume enclosing it. B) How do we know when the flask is full of gas at the external pressure?

  13. C) The unit used by chemists is the L. VII. MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF A GAS USE A THERMOMETER TO MEASURE DEGREES C, then add 273(.15) to change to the KELVIN scale.

  14. VIII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRESSURE AND VOLUME OF A GAS AT CONSTANT TEMPERATURE A) Boyle's Law Apparatus show relationship. B) What kind of a graph do we get when we plot the V vs. P data?

  15. What name do we give to this curve? What is special about this type of graph?

  16. V1 X P1 = Area1 V2 X P2 = Area2 Area1 = Area2 V1 X P1 = V2 X P2

  17. THE LARGER THE P1 the smaller the V1 Let's say that P X V = 30 If P is 5 then V is _______ If P is 10 then V is ______ If P is 15 then V is ______ As P decreases V increases; or as P increases, V decreases. C) What kind of a graph do we get if we plot 1/V vs P?

  18. What kind of curve is this? What is the equation for this curve?

  19. EXAMPLE PROBLEMS 1) A sample of gas occupies a volume of 20.0 L at 1.50 atm. What will the volume be if the pressure changes to 0.250 atm and the temperature and the amount of gas remain the same? Is the final volume larger or smaller than the original 20.0 L? Is it 0.250/1.50 (1/6) times as large or 1.50/0.250 (6) times larger?

  20. The pressure went down, so the volume must go up. So the final volume must be 6 times larger.

  21. 2) A sample of gas occupies a volume of 25.0 L at 1.00 atm. What will the pressure be if the volume changes to 5.00 L ? The temperature and the amount of gas remain the same. V is going down, P must go up

  22. 3) What volume will 22.4 L of H2 gas measured at 1.00 atm occupy at a pressure of 1900. mm of Hg with the temp. and amt. of gas remaining constant? Notice that what we are actually doing here is multiplying the initial volume by a fraction relating the pressures to obtain a new volume OR taking an original pressure and multiplying it by a fraction relating the two volumes and obtaining the new pressure.

  23. Vi X fp= Vf Pi X fv = Vf IX. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS AND CHARLES’ LAW

  24. A) When we plot volume in L vs. T in degrees C for a constant amount of gas at constant P we obtain what kind of graph?

  25. B) We see that when we extrapolate this line to where it intersects the x axis, we will obtain a temperature of -273oC. C) What are the implications of this? What happens in reality? What is the difference between a real gas and an ideal gas? D) If we plot T in oC vs V we get a straight line, it follows the general formula____________.

  26. oC = mV + (-273) oC +273 = mV Kelvins = mV KELVINS ARE PROPORTIONAL TO VOLUME Vi = kTi Vf = kTf

  27. SAMPLE PROBLEMS 1) A sample of gas occupies a volume of 20.0 mL at 25oC and 1.00 atm. What is its volume at 50oC at the same pressure?

  28. If it were a balloon, what would have happened to it? LARGER OR smaller? Will it be twice as big? Is the temperature twice as big?

  29. X. COMBINED GAS LAW

  30. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 30.0 mL at 25oC and 0.600 atm. What is its volume at STP (standard temperature and pressure - 0oC - 273K and 1.00 atm)?

  31. XI. REACTIONS INVOLVING GASES A) Gay-Lussac's and Avogadro's Laws 1) 1808 - Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac published the results of some experiments on reactions of gases which resulted in the Gay-Lussac Law of Combining Volumes. When gases react, the volumes of the product and reactant gases at a given temp and pressure are in the ratios of small whole numbers.

  32. 2 liters of CO gas react with 1 liter of O2 gas to yield 2 liters of CO2 gas. 2 CO(g) + 1 O2(g)2 CO2(g) 2) HOW CAN THIS BE POSSIBLE? B) Avogadro's Law - EQUAL VOLUMES OF DIFFERENT GASES CONTAIN EQUAL NUMBERS OF MOLECULES WHEN MEASURED AT THE SAME TERMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.

  33. 1) The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules (moles) of gas at the same T and P. 2) One mole of any gas occupies the same volume for a given T and P and contains the same number of particles - atoms - molecules.

  34. 3) This volume is called the molar volume and is 22.414 L for an ideal gas at 0oC and 1 atm. 4) V is directly proportional to n at constant P and T. 5) Some real gas volumes at STP are: O2-22.397 L; N2-22.402 L;H-22.433L XII. THE IDEAL GAS EQUATION

  35. A) At the beginning of our study of gases, I said that there was a simple mathematical relationship which describes a gas: the equation of state for an ideal gas. B) That equation is: PV = nRT This equation is for an ideal gas: one which follows Boyle's, Charles’ and Avogadro's Laws perfectly. No real gas does this.

  36. When P is low and T is high, real gases behave this way. It keeps scuba divers and people needing oxygen gas alive and other processes using gases at normal T and P working correctly C) We have looked at the relationship between V & P, V & T, and V & n separately. Now we can put them all together using the gas constant, R.

  37. D) We can use the following relationship to find R for an ideal gas: 1.000 mol of an ideal gas at 273.15 K and 1.000 atm occupies 22.414 L. What is the value of R?

  38. If you use 3 significant figures, as we will usually do We can see that the value of R changes depending on the units of pressure and volume which are used. mol and K stay the same.

  39. E) We can solve a variety of problems with the Ideal Gas Equation. 1) Calculate the volume of 2.63 mol of O2 gas at 25oC and 0.986 atm pressure. Assume O2 behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.

  40. 2) Calculate the density of N2 in grams per Liter at 25oC and 0.968 atm.

  41. From this we see how chemists could obtain the molar masses of substances which were gases or could easily be changed to the gaseous form before the invention of the mass spectrometer. In the laboratory you will find the molar mass of a volatile liquid using the Ideal Gas Equation.

  42. 3) Calculate the approximate molar mass of a gas which has a density of 1.429 g/L at STP.

  43. 4) Calculate the approximate molar mass of a gas which has a density of 1.782 g/L at 27oC and 670 mm Hg. XIII. MIXTURES OF GASES A) Many studies involve mixtures of gases which do not react, for example air. B) What is the relationship between the total pressure of the gas mixture and the pressure of each component of the mixture?

  44. C) Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

  45. 1) The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were present alone. You will use this important concept in the laboratory when you collect a gas over water - Pbar = Pinside = Pgas + Pwater vapor Pgas = Pbar - Pwatervapor

  46. XIV. DIFFUSION OF GASES A) In 1832, Graham studied the rates of diffusion of gases: the speeds at which gases move through each other. SPEED is a difficult concept for many of my students. What does speed mean to you??? You should think of miles per hour - a distance in the numerator and a time in the denominator.

  47. What is the distance? What is the time? What is the fraction? Distance time

  48. B) Effusion - a process in which a gas flows through a small hole and is theoretically simpler than diffusion since we don't have to be concerned with molecules hitting each other and zigzagging across the room.

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