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Pylyshyn:

Pylyshyn:. If you can’t rely on introspection of your conscious experience to tell you what’s going on in your mind, and if you can’t rely on looking inside the skull using biological techniques to tell you what psychological processes are taking place, then how in the world can you tell?.

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Pylyshyn:

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  1. Pylyshyn: If you can’t rely on introspection of your conscious experience to tell you what’s going on in your mind, and if you can’t rely on looking inside the skull using biological techniques to tell you what psychological processes are taking place, then how in the world can you tell?

  2. Examining relation of input to output is not adequate: May lead to predictions but does not tell you how the mind works.

  3. Errors and Response Time

  4. Lashley’s approach to the problem of serial order • NOT chain of reflexes whereby each element of series provides excitation of the next • Untenable: E.g., “Right” and “tire” involve same motor movements but in different order. Order must be imposed by some organization other than direct associative connections between them.

  5. Similar argument for words in a sentence. E.g., same word can be many parts of speech and thus would appear in different positions in sentence: “The mill-wright on my right thinks it right that some conventional right…”

  6. Central mechanism also suggested by timing in rapid movement e.g., finger strokes of musician.. 16 strokes/sec. Too quick for sensory control of movement

  7. Evidence from errors in language production:allow inferences about otherwise hidden mechanisms underlying language production • they are non-random and predictable • Exchange involves units of the same size and same syntactic class • Many involve abstract discrete elements of sound called phonemes (can’t find a phoneme in acoustic signal)

  8. Typing errors: misplaced doubling, e.g., ill as iil • Speech errors: spoonerisms- exchange of sounds within an utterance

  9. Reverend Spponer: “You have tasted the whole worm.” “You have hissed all my mystery lectures.” “Take the flea of my cat and heave it at the louse of my mother-in-law.”

  10. Exchanges between words: • George W. Bush: “We have to get the hands out of the guns of people”

  11. Perseverations: “Class is about discussing the text”  “Class is about discussing the class” “How the leaflet’s written  leaflet’s litten Anticipations: “Sun is in the sky”  Sky is in the sky” “It’s a real mystery”  meal mystery

  12. Slips of the tongue rare: one per 1,000 words • Use experimental techniques to induce more frequent errors: • Motley Baars & Mackay:

  13. rich miss rinse mint rays maim meal reek Spoonersim more likely when word is possible than nonword, e.g., mean reap

  14. Tongue twister • Proper copper coffee pot • A bucket of blue bug’s blood

  15. Freudian slips: George H.W. Bush: “I don’t want to run the risk of ruining what is a lovely recession” (reception) A famous general was described as “a battle scared, excuse me I mean bottle scarred general” (battle scarred)

  16. These regularities in errors suggest central mechanisms that order sounds in words and words in sentence • Exchanges and anticipations clear evidence against chaining- downstream units occur earlier in sequence • Dell argues errors are sign of creativity in system, i.e., we BUILD a representation rather than RETRIEVE a representation

  17. Syntactic category rule: nouns slip with nouns, verbs with verbs. Dell argues that sentences built by putting words in labeled slots in syntactic frames.

  18. Erroneous word often related to target word semantically and phonologically. Interpreted as evidence of spreading activation

  19. Protocol analysis • TOT

  20. How can time to make a correct response reveal mental processes • Vary some property of task and measure effect on response time • Sternberg demonstrated in elegant experiment

  21. Remember: 73048

  22. 9 4 7 1 6 8 3 2

  23. Serial self terminating versus serial exhaustive Stage analysis RT = a + bx

  24. What would parallel search look like?

  25. Flying planes

  26. Meyer & Schvanevelt, 1971 Lexical decision (is it a word?)

  27. BREAK

  28. TIBLE

  29. ANGER

  30. NURSE

  31. DOCTOR

  32. TRAST

  33. Lexical decisions were faster for words following semantically related rather than unrelated words RelatedUnrelated NURSE STREET DOCTOR DOCTOR 650 ms 690 ms

  34. Mechanism proposed to account for relatedness effect: Spreading Activation

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