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An Introduction to Geology

An Introduction to Geology. Sedimentary Rocks. Back to the Rock Cycle. Sedimentary processes. 1. Weathering 2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Lithification. OF. A. Existing rocks B. Biological materials C. Chemical precipitates. Sedimentary processes. Common sedimentary minerals.

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An Introduction to Geology

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  1. An Introduction to Geology Sedimentary Rocks

  2. Back to the Rock Cycle

  3. Sedimentary processes 1. Weathering 2. Transportation 3. Deposition 4. Lithification OF A. Existing rocks B. Biological materials C. Chemical precipitates

  4. Sedimentary processes

  5. Common sedimentary minerals Quartz Feldspars Micas Calcite

  6. Hand specimens First impressions?

  7. Weathering Physical / Mechanical

  8. Weathering Chemical / Biological

  9. Weathering = clasts

  10. Transportation

  11. Transport mechanisms Rivers = fluvial Seas = marine Mississippi delta

  12. AEOLIAN (wind) Can only transport small grains GLACIAL (ice) Huge volumes of sediment Transport mechanisms

  13. Transportation Proximity + velocity = grain size

  14. Transport time = maturity Textural maturity:

  15. Transport time = maturity Mineralogical maturity:

  16. Deposition Transportation into basins

  17. Lithification Deposition (+ deposition + deposition) = burial Burial = compaction + cementation

  18. Compaction Stylolites in chalk

  19. Cementation • Mineral precipitation into pore spaces: • e.g. calcite, quartz, haematite

  20. Hand specimens Second impressions?

  21. Sedimentary rocks Particle size, shape and composition

  22. Conglomerate

  23. Sedimentary rocks Particle size, shape and composition

  24. Sandstone

  25. Sedimentary rocks Particle size, shape and composition

  26. Siltstone

  27. Sedimentary rocks Particle size, shape and composition

  28. Claystone Bituminous shales, Saltwick Nab, near Whtby

  29. Sedimentary rock types 1. Clastic (or detrital)

  30. Sedimentary rock types 1. Clastic (or detrital)

  31. Sedimentary rock types 2. Biogenic (or organic)

  32. Sedimentary rock types 2. Biogenic (or organic)

  33. Sedimentary rock types 3. Chemical (precipitates)

  34. Hand specimens What sedimentary rock type is your specimen?

  35. Sedimentary structures Bedding

  36. Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

  37. Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

  38. Sedimentary structures Ripple marks

  39. Sedimentary structures Mud cracks

  40. Sedimentary structures Shell beds

  41. Sedimentary structures Trace fossils

  42. Sedimentary UK

  43. Metamorphic Rocks Next week Under Pressure:

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