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Morning Report

Morning Report. Nikhil Jariwala Dr. Ward July 12, 2010. MKSAP.

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Morning Report

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  1. Morning Report Nikhil Jariwala Dr. Ward July 12, 2010

  2. MKSAP • A 52-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for ongoing substernal chest pressure associated with nausea, diaphoresis, and lightheadedness. Her symptoms began 3 hours ago. She has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Her daily medications are hydrochlorothiazide, pravastatin, and aspirin. • On physical examination, her blood pressure is 84/62 mm Hg, pulse is 88/min, and respiration rate is 20/min. Her BMI is 29. Cardiac auscultation reveals distant heart sounds with an S4. The lungs are clear bilaterally; estimated central venous pressure is 9 cm H2O. The extremities are cool. • Electrocardiogram with right-sided precordial leads is done. (Leads V1 through V6 are recorded from the right side of the chest.)

  3. Which of the following should be given next in the treatment of this patient? • A. Dobutamine intravenously • B. Metoprolol intravenously • C. Nitroglycerin sublingually • D. 0.9% saline intravenous bolus

  4. hypotension, clear lung fields, and elevated estimated central venous pressure represent the classic triad of RV myocardial infarction. • The most predictive finding is ST-elevation on right-sided lead V4R. Therefore, all patients with an inferior STEMI should have a right-sided ECG performed. • RV contractility is reduced, resulting in higher RV diastolic pressure, lower RV systolic pressure, and reduced preload or filling of the LV. Volume expansion improves the hemodynamic abnormalities of RV MI because the gradient of pressure maintains filling of the LV • In addition to reperfusion therapy for STEMI, the acute treatment of RV MI is supportive. Volume expansion is the primary supportive treatment. • Inotropic support, specifically using intravenous dobutamine, is appropriate treatment in patients with RV MI whose hypotension is not corrected after 1 L of saline infusion.

  5. 59 year old male presents after losing consciousness at work…

  6. History of Present Illness • At work, patient felt flushed, light-headed, diaphoretic. He got up to walk outside and lost consciousnesses for a few seconds; co-workers caught him. • Upon waking up, continued to feel diaphoretic and flushed for 2-3 minutes before symptoms resolved. • No chest pain, SOB, palpitations, tonic-clonic movements, incontinence, post-ictal period, tongue biting, fevers, chills, recent illness. • EMS was called and he was brought to the Emergency Room

  7. Patient History Past Medical History: HTN Medications: Lisinopril/HCTZ Allergies: NKDA Family History: Mother died age 63 from unknown cause Father died age 82 from lung cancer No cardiac disease or sudden cardiac death Social History: Smoked 1 ppd x 12 years, but quit 24 years ago Social drinker No illicits

  8. Differential Diagnosis

  9. Syncope = sudden, brief LOC with a loss of postural tone with spontaneous recovery Can be precipitated by pain, exercise, micturition, defecation, or stressful events Often associated with prodromal symptoms (sweating and nausea) Not to be confused with: “Drop attacks” = falls without LOC Dizziness and vertigo typically do not result in LOC or loss of postural tone Seizures have disorientation after the event, slowness in returning to consciousness, and unconsciousness lasting more than five minutes Both syncope and seizures can have associated rhythmic movements Definition of Syncope

  10. Causes of Syncope • Cardiac • Organic heart disease (4%) • Aortic stenosis, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy • Pulmonary embolism • Pulmonary hypertension • Myxoma • Myocardia infarction; Coronary spasm • Tamponade • Aortic dissection • Arrhythmias (14%) • Bradyarrhythmias • Sinus node disease • 2nd- or 3rd-degree heart block • Pacemaker malfunction • Drug-induced • Tachyarrhthmias • Ventricular tachcardia • Torsades de pointes • Supraventricular tachycardia • Reflex Mediated • Vasovagal (18%) • Situational (5%) • Cough • Micturition • Defecation • Swallow • Other (1%) • Carotid Sinus • Neuralgia • Orthostatic hypotension (1%) • Medications (3%) • Psychatric (2%) • Neurologic (10%) • Migraines • TIA • Seizures • Subclavian steal • Unknown (34%) Source: From five population-based studies between 1984-1990. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jun 15; 126(12): 991.

  11. Physical Exam VITALS: T 36.3, P74, R 21, BP 123/83, O2 99% RA Sitting BP 117/71, P 71; Standing BP 128/82, P 88 GEN: Well appearing, NAD, A&Ox3 HEENT: EOMI, PERRLA, no lymphadenopathy CV: RRR. Normal S1 and S2. No M/R/G. No JVD. No edema. PULM: CTAB. No wheezes, rhonchi, or rales. GI: S/NT/ND. Normal bowel sounds. No hepatosplenomegaly. Small umbilical hernia. MSK: Normal bulk and tone. 5/5 strength all extremities SKIN: No rashes or lesions NEURO: CN II-XII intact. Sensation intact to light touch. Normal finger-to-nose, heel-to-shin. Normal gait PSYCH: Normal mood and affect

  12. Orthostatic Hypotension • Definition: within 2 to 5 minutes of quiet standing, one or more of the following is present • At least a 20 mmHg fall in systolic pressure • At least a 10 mmHg fall in diastolic pressure • Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion

  13. What tests do you order next?

  14. It depends on what you find… • History and Physical guide your choice of tests! • History: • Postural symptoms, exertional symptoms, family history, palpitations, postictal symptoms, situational symptoms, use of medication, history of organic heart disease, and witness account • Physical: • Focus on cardiovascular, neurologic, and orthostatic vitals • Check an EKG in all patients • Routine use of basic labs is not recommended • If patient has neurologic symptoms (seizures, focal neurologic deficits), check EEG, CT/MRI, carotid dopplers • If you suspect exercise-associated syncope, check exercise stress test AFTER echocardiography (to rule out hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) • If you suspect arrhythmia, consider inpatient telemetry vs 24-hour holter monitoring • If the patient has unexplained recurrent syncope for which cardiac causes have been excluded, consider passive upright tilt-table testing

  15. Source: NEJM. 2000 Dec 21. 343(25): 1858.

  16. EKG

  17. 7.6 4.6 • 137 101 21 • 3.5 23 1.1 1.7 0.3/1.4 12.0 9.1 26 36 35.0 67 Labs CK 79 MB 2.1 Trop <0.03 195 135

  18. To Admit, or Not To Admit, • That is the Question…

  19. Common Reasons to Admit • Admit for Diagnostic Evaluation • Structural heart disease • Symptoms suggestive of arrhythmias or ischemia • Electrocardiographic abnormalities • Neurologic disease • Admission for Treatment • Structural heart disease • Orthostatic hypotension • Older age • Discontinuation of offending drug or modification of dose

  20. San Francisco Syncope Rules (SFSR) Clinical prediction tool to determine short-term (7day) outcome of patients presenting to ER with syncope Serious outcomes included: death, MI, PE, arrhythmia, stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage Source: Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb; 43(2): 224-32.

  21. San Francisco Syncope Rules Congestive heart failure Hematocrit <30% EKG abnormalities Shortness of breath Systolic BP<90 Any patient with one positive item is at high risk for serious outcome Sensitivity 96% Specificity 62%

  22. The plot thickens… In the Emergency Room, the patient complains of abdominal pain and becomes diaphoretic and pre-syncopal. Vitals are obtained: HR 43, BP 63/41 You obtain an EKG…

  23. What do you do now?

  24. ACLS Bradycardia Algorithm Source: “Management of Symptomatic Bradycardia and Tachycardia.” Circulation. 2005 Nov; 112; IV-68.

  25. He receives 0.8mg IV atropine which improves his HR to 87 and his BP135/87. Mental status improves and diaphoresis resolves. The patient is admitted to Cardiology

  26. More Labs/Studies Lipase 120 Acute hepatitis panel: Non-reactive RPI: 0.9 LDH 360 Haptoglobin 137 CT Angio Chest/Abdomen: No aortic dissection or aneurysm. Focal pancreatitis of tail without complication. Cholelithiasis without inflammation.

  27. Review Echo

  28. Studies TTE: LV EF 61%, no wall motion abnormalities. LV and RV normal size and performance. No significant valvular disease Exercise SPECT: SSS 8. Duke treadmill prognostic index 7 (low-risk). Mildly abnormal perfusion scintigraphy with evidence for mild exercise-induced completely reversible myocardial ischemia in multivessel distribution.

  29. Vasovagal Syncope • Vasovagal syncope (aka neurally mediated syncope or neurocardiogenic syncope) occurs as a reflex response leading to vasodilatation and bradycardia which causes hypotension and cerebral hypoperfusion. • Occurs with the activation of receptors in ventricular wall or in other organs (bladder, carotid sinus, etc.) • Response to receptor activation is reflex increase in vagal efferent activity and subsequent sympathetic withdrawal. • Head-up Tilt-Table testing can be used to diagnose unexplained recurrent vasovagal syncope • Patients start with passive upright tilt-table testing at 60 degrees for 45 minutes • If test is negative, can repeat with isoproterenol

  30. Take home points • History and physical are crucial for determining cause of syncope and further diagnostic workup • Always get an EKG! • Tilt table testing can help diagnose neurocardiogenic syncope when not clear based upon initial evaluation and ruling out neurocardiogenic syncope is important • Admit syncope patients who meet the CHESS Criteria/ San Francisco syncope rules

  31. Hospital Course • We suspected the patient’s pancreatitis  vasovagal syncope  bradycardia episodes. • Patient was monitored on telemetry and had no more arrhythmias during his stay. • Electrophysiology was consulted regarding the bradycardia. They felt no pacemaker was indicated at this time. • For his pancreatitis, he was kept NPO initially and diet was advanced slowly. His abdominal pain improved. • The patient was discharged home with a 30-day event monitor. • He followed up in cardiology 3 weeks after discharge and had no further events

  32. Works Cited Kapoor, WN. “Syncope Review Article.” NEJM. 2000 Dec 21. 343(25): 1856-62. Linzer, M; Yang, EH; et al. “Diagnosing Syncope. Part 1: Value of History, Physical Examination, and Electrocardiography. Clinical Efficacy Assessment Project of the American College of Physicians.” Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jun 15; 126(12): 989-96. Linzer, M; Yang, EH; et al. “Diagnosing syncope. Part 2: Unexplained Syncope.” Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jun 15; 127(12): 76-86. “Management of Symptomatic Bradycardia and Tachycardia.” Circulation. 2005 Nov; 112; IV-67-77. Quinn, JV; Stiell, IG; et al. “Derivation of the San Francisco Syncope Rule to predict patients with short-term serious outcomes.” Ann Emerg Med. 2004 Feb; 43(2): 224-32.

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