Joshua Rivera, Group 5: 2000 Exam

1. Joshua Rivera, Group 5: 2000 Exam • Thematic Essay: Explain the development of the scientific method in the seventeenth century and the impact of scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority • Critical Trigger Words: Explain (To discuss); Scientific Method (Def. Changes); Scientific Thinking (How it challenged traditional authority. • Two Step Directional Phase: Focus on how the development of scientific method, How does this development influenced or challenged traditional sources of authority and on religion. Name Check: Heliocentrism,

2. Introduction Focus: The new scientific method involved reasoning and thinking which shattered many aspects of traditional science. BP: The 17th and 18th Centuries witnessed changes to scientific thought and reasoning Dir: The development of the scientific method had a profound impact that benefited the secularization of learning Three Step Arc

3. Introduction • The 17th and 18th Centuries in Europe had witnessed an unprecedented change in scientific thought and reasoning. The Scientific Revolution involved reasoning and rational thinking which began to challenge the ideas of ecclesiastical science. New inventions such as the telescope, along with subjects such as calculus were the driving factors of a major breakthrough for the Europeans who viewed their world. The development of the scientific method such as Bacon and Descartes had a profound impact as it paved the way for the secularization of learning and the departure from the scientific thinking of traditional sources of authority.

4. Body One Sir Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes were the major contributors to the scientific method. Scientists such as Copernicus and Galileo published works that revolutionized scientific thinking Hobbes/Locke became an outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution, paving the way for the Enlightenment Focus: The development of the scientific method

5. Body One • For more than a millennia at the time, scientific beliefs were based on the minds of ancient figures such as Ptolemy and Aristotle. Beginning the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus published “On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres” which gave birth to a new movement known as the Scientific Revolution. Copernicus’ belief on heliocentrism, a sun-centered world rather than the earth questioned the validity of ancient science. His legacy continued and became the basis of the Scientific Method. The two most influential figures were Sir Francis Bacon of England and René Descartes of France. They contributed their development that they conducted experiments and used scientific reasoning to reinforce the movement of new science. Therefore, these developments set the foundation of Enlightenment thinkers such as Thomas Hobbes and John Locke whom they used scientific reasoning to justify human behavior. Europe was in full transition to a modernized scientific reasoning and thinking.

6. Body Two The Scientific Method had crushed traditional science, such as the Ptolemaic system. The Roman Catholic Church was against new scientific thinking that it posed a threat to their traditional teachings. Scientific academies strengthened the power of traditional monarchs. Focus: The impact on scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority

7. Body Two • Despite that the new scientific method was widely accepted among people, it had influenced and mostly challenged scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority. In the case of Galileo, his works had faced intense scrutiny from the Roman Catholic Church. He was put on trial by Pope Urban VIII which resulted in his house arrest. The Church’s stance on the new science was completely justifiable from this event as new science challenged their traditional scientific beliefs. However, fewer people were believing in the scholastic thinking of the Church as the acceptance of Scientific thinking had withered away the beliefs of traditional science. Even though scientific thinking had dealt damage to traditional science, it also had benefited European monarchs into forging new scientific academes. The most significant example was in France as new scientific inventions and thinking helped to benefit the reign of Louis XIV and contributed to making France the most dominant European power of the 17th century. In tandem with monarchies, the scientific method contributes to the increased secularization of European society. The scientific method and its influence on scientific thinking on traditional sources of authority was significant in the advancement of scientific thinking that would benefit European society in the coming centuries.

8. Body Three Philosophers held different portrayal of God. (THINK: Newton, Spinoza, Pascal) End of witchcraft persecutions by the 1700s. New scientific thinking played its downfall. The development of religious skepticism such as “atheism” and “deism”. Focus: The impact of the scientific method on religion

9. Body Three • Even as the new scientific method have challenged traditional sources of authority, it had also impacted religion. The Scientific Method was instrumental in causing the downfall of witchcraft persecutions by the beginning of the 18th Century. Scientific reasoning had denounced the beliefs of witches and supernatural beings which had saved the lives of thousands of convicted women and their succeeding generations. Of course, philosophers held different views of God. Isaac Newton once said that God was a “watchmaker” and that he controls time and rules the universe. It can be said that the Scientific Revolution had elevated God as a divine figure in tandem with new inventions that shaped European society. The outgrowths of this revolution was atheism and skepticism when people began to reject Christianity as a whole. These group of people sided neither with the Protestants nor the Roman Catholics whom they posed a major thorn within the Roman Catholic Church. The French Revolution witnessed the rise of atheism during the Reign of Terror whom the revolutionaries rejected Christianity. The Scientific Method had a significant impact on how religion is portrayed in European society.

10. Conclusion A critical contribution to the Enlightenment Recap the impact of the Scientific Method More access to education; Increased Secularization of learning. Looking ahead…

11. Conclusion • After the Scientific Revolution, many Europeans thought differently about science and had more access to education. From the works of Copernicus to Newton, even the most impoverished and the illiterate had access to education whom they can utilize scientific reasoning and thinking to their advantage. Furthermore, the Scientific Method served as a critical foundation for the Enlightenment which further elevated rational thinking and changed the minds of every European. This foreshadow the social and economic movements in European history such as the Industrial Revolution, Romanticismand Modern Thought.

12. Miscellaneous • Essay is a three step process • Shows how the scientific method revolutionized the facades of society during the 17th century. • Demonstrate the challenges that new science had on traditional science, the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church and how it benefit traditional sources such as monarchs. And how religion was impacted by the Scientific Method.