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Enlightened Absolutism and Economic Changes in 18th Century Europe

This chapter explores the emergence of Enlightened Absolutism in late 1700s Europe, focusing on rulers governing by enlightened principles like Frederick II and Joseph II, and their actions promoting religious toleration and freedom of speech. The text delves into political and social limitations faced by these monarchs, along with significant events such as Cardinal Fleury's leadership in France and Hanoverians in Great Britain. It also covers the economic shifts, including the Agricultural Revolution and new methods of finance like the Bank of England. Additionally, the chapter elaborates on wars and conflicts during this period, such as the War of Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, and the Partition of Poland. Art, particularly the influence of aristocracy through country houses and the concept of the Grand Tour, is also discussed.

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Enlightened Absolutism and Economic Changes in 18th Century Europe

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  1. Chapter 18 Tu Bui, Dan Wu, Jake Waxman

  2. Political • Enlightened absolutism- new type of monarchy that emerged in late 1700s, based on rulers governing by enlightened principles • Ex: Frederick II, Joseph II, etc • Religious toleration, freedom of speech, rulers enforcing laws fairly and equally • However limited by political and social realities

  3. France • Cardinal Fleury- pulled France back from foreign adventures, balanced budget • Louis XV -Madame de Pompadour • Louis XVI-left France in a worsened financial crisis, discontent of monarchy

  4. Great Britain (United Kingdom) • Hanoverians-new dynasty in Britain in which crown was offered to Protestant rulers of a German state • Parliament power grows • Robert Walpole • William Pitt the Elder-promoted expansion of British empire

  5. Prussia • Frederick William I of Prussia further developed the army and bureaucracy (General Directory) • Junkers had monopoly over officer corps of Prussian Army • Frederick II the Great believed that king is “first servant of the state”

  6. Austria • Maria Theresa wanted to reform Austrian empire • Joseph II wanted to enhance Habsburg power through complete reforms of reason • Abolished serfdom, religious tolerations, etc • new policies alienated all groups

  7. Russia • Catherine the Great- wanted to reform based on Enlightenment ideas • oppressive policies on peasants led to revolt • Emelyn Pugachev led the revolt against taxes and forced military service, failed

  8. Wars of Absolutism • The War of Austrian Succession • Prussia invaded Silesia (part of Austria) while Austria was dealing with having a female ruler (Maria Theresa) • Prussia & France vs. Britain, Austria & Russia. • Was fought in Europe, North America, Asia • Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended war, everyone got what they started with, but Prussia got to keep Silesia

  9. Wars of Absolutism • The 7 Year’s War • MT of Austria refused to accept loss, allied with France…somehow… against Britain & Prussia (switched sides) • 7 Year’s War became was between Britain & France in North America, Europe, & India • Fight for dominance in colonialism, who would become the leading colonial power • Britain won, gained most French possessions in India & North America

  10. Wars of Absolutism • The Partition of Poland • Poland had a VERY weak monarch, & scheming nobles  • 3 rivals: Austria, Prussia, Russia, were expanding & headed towards war • Decided to divvy up Poland between them to avoid war. • Bye, bye Poland.

  11. Economics • Agriculture Revolution • 4 Factors: • more farmland, abandon openfield system, started field rotation and enclosed fields • increased yields, • healthier livestock, • improved climate • new crops: potato and maize (from Americas) • ***English were leaders in taking up new techniques

  12. Eco…continued • NEW Methods of Finance: • (bckrnd): A decline of gold and silver in the seventeenth cen. created shortage of $$$ ->creation of banks • -Epitome: Bank of England, • first to give loans on credit • ->created a notion of "national debt" distinct from the monarch's personal debt. • Fail: John Law's Bank in France/J.L's Bubble: • >result: lack of trust in paper money in France and prevented formation of national bank • ->consequently slow economic movement in France

  13. Eco..continued • Cottage Industry: • "domestic" (Family based) system/cottage system: merchant-capitalist bought raw material to rural workers -> merchants sell finished product • New methods/machines: introduction of cotton • ->new market • New cotton machines: flying shuttle, waterframe ...Etc (refer to chpt 20)

  14. ART • Aristocracy: • Country House: • -built in Georgian style • -fulfilled a new desire for greater privacy • -influenced by the classical Venetian architect Andrea Palladio • Grand Tour: travel the world • -cosmopolitanism, reinforced by education in Latin classics and use of French • -English regard the grand tour as crucial to their education

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