1 / 35

Middle Ages: 500-1500

Middle Ages: 500-1500. Between the Roman Empire and the Early Modern Period. 500-800: Dark Ages: little cultural or scientific advancement. 1050 - 1450: High Middle Ages: social institutions matured; era of greater creativity.

jake
Télécharger la présentation

Middle Ages: 500-1500

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Middle Ages: 500-1500 • Between the Roman Empire and the Early Modern Period. • 500-800: Dark Ages: little cultural or scientific advancement. • 1050 - 1450: High Middle Ages: social institutions matured; era of greater creativity. • The culture of Western Europe was a blend of classical (Greco-Roman), Christian, and Germanic elements.

  2. Feudalism • Political System • Through interdependence and mutual responsibilities, feudalism provided people with protection and stability. • A lord gave each of his vassals a parcel of land called a fief in exchange for military service and payments called relief. • A vassal protected the inhabitants of his fief, collected revenue (taxes), and dispensed justice

  3. Manor System • A great fief was subdivided into hundreds of smaller estates called manors, which were the basic social and economic units of the Middle Ages. • Most were about 1,000 acres and supported 200-300 people. • Peasants were not allowed to leave the manor. • The lord could not evict them from the land. • They were required to do any labor the lord demanded. • They also had to work a plot of land for the church, God’s acre. • The lord of the manor traditionally took half the produce.

  4. Roman Catholic Church • With both spiritual and secular power, the church dominated life and was the primary institution of medieval society. • The church was believed to be the only way to salvation and possessed great influence. • Secular clergy were the parish priests. • Regular clergy lived in monasteries and kept literacy alive. • It was a time of Church corruption. • Vows of poverty and chastity were ignored. • Nobles often sold the offices of Bishops and Archbishops.

  5. Crusades: Causes • Goal: to liberate the Holy Land of Jerusalem from the Muslims • 1071: Seljuk Turks took over Palestine and were allegedly torturing Christians. • 1095: Byzantine Emperor asked Pope for help. • Between 1096 and 1270, there were multiple crusades, but only the 1st Crusade in 1099 was successful.

  6. Crusades: Appeal • The crusades appealed to people’s desire for wealth, honor, sense of adventure, freedom from serfdom, freedom from debts, and hope for spiritual salvation. • Encouraged by Venetian merchants, the 4th Crusade attacked and looted Constantinople. • The Crusades failed in their chief goal - the conquest of the Holy Land.

  7. Political Outcome • briefly increased the power and prestige of the pope • increased the power of monarchs who levied taxes to support the Crusades • increased trade between east and west • rise of towns

  8. Economic Outcome • encouraged the growth of a money economy in Western Europe • selling goods for a profit became acceptable • Italian merchants and shipbuilders got rich by maintaining supply lines and transportation to the Holy Land

  9. Social & Cultural Outcome • contact with other civilizations opened minds to new ideas • sparked an interest in exploration • increased persecution of Jews • thousands were slaughtered & much property was destroyed

  10. Weapons

  11. High Middle Ages 1050-1350 • Agricultural Revolution • iron plows • horse harness • windmill to grind grain • Expanding Production • peasants cleared forests, drained swamps, reclaimed waste land • Led to population increase • Towns grew up around castles and monasteries to provide them with goods and services. 

  12. Trade Revives • people began to desire more than what was produced on the manor • peasants wanted iron for tools • nobles wanted fine wool, furs, and spices from Asia • regular trade routes were set up • traders formed merchant caravans for safety • local goods (honey, furs, fine cloth, tin, lead) were exchanged for imported goods (Chinese silks, Byzantine gold jewelry, Asian spices) • Constantinople to Venice to Flanders to England

  13. Trade Fairs • located near navigable rivers and where trade routes met • people from nearby villages, towns, and castles attended • entertainment included jugglers, acrobats, and dancing bears

  14. New Towns • merchants would wait out the winter near a castle or bishop’s palace • artisans came to live • eventually populations reached 10,000 • most prosperous cities were in northern Italy and Flanders – which were centers of the wool trade and prosperous textile industries • charter - merchants would ask the local lord for a written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town • in return the merchants paid the lord a large sum of money, a yearly fee, or both • charters usually allowed townspeople to choose their own leaders and control their own affairs • most had a clause declaring any serf who lived in the town a year and a day to be free

  15. Commercial Revolution • money reappeared • merchants borrowed from moneylenders to buy goods • clergy felt the practice of usury (lending money at interest) was immoral • capital – money for investment • new business practices • partnerships – merchants pooled their funds to finance a large-scale ventures • insurance was created to compensate for lost or destroyed merchandise • bills of exchange used – deposit money in a bank in one city and cash in the paper in another city

  16. Social Changes • use of money undermined serfdom • lords needed money to buy goods • peasants sold produce to townspeople and paid the lord’s rent with money rather than labor • by 1000 – middle class of merchants, traders, and artisans emerged between nobles and peasants • nobles resented middle class for being a disruptive influence • by 1300 – few serfs were left in Western Europe

  17. Guilds • associations of merchants and artisans • dominated life in medieval towns by passing laws, levying taxes, and deciding how to spend funds • guilds limited membership, monopolized labor, made rules to ensure quality, regulated hours of labor, regulated prices, provided social services • apprentice (trainee) began around age 7, spent 7 years learning the trade, and only received bed and board • most became journeymen (salaried workers), a few became guildmasters • in some cities a third of all guildmembers were women

  18. City Life • cities were surrounded by walls for protection • narrow streets and tall houses • larger cities had a great cathedral or a splendid guild house • hawkers sold stuff during the day • unlit streets were deserted at night • no garbage or sewage collection • people yelled “gardyloo” as they flung their waste out a window into the street • filthy, smelly, noisy, crowded • facilitated the spread of disease • wooded buildings were a fire hazard

  19. Major Changes • return of a money economy • trade brought new products, ideas, and technology • middle class changed the social structure • monarchs increased their power • increased contact with other cultures

  20. Learning & Literature • 1100s - first universities evolved out of cathedral schools • Literature began to be written in the vernacular (everyday language of the people) rather than in Latin only. • Scholasticism was developed by Christian scholars to resolve the conflict between faith and reason.

  21. Medieval Art • Theme was religion. • illuminated manuscripts • great cathedrals

  22. Painting

  23. Tapestry

  24. Bayeux Tapestry

  25. Romanesque: 1000 - 1150 • thick walls, rounded arches and domed roofs • narrow slits for windows • simple, solid, dark, gloomy fortress • flat, masculine, and simply adorned

  26. Gothic: 1150 - 1300 • tall, light, and airy • flying buttresses • large stained glass windows • complex, lacy, richly embroidered, feminine

  27. Flying Buttresses

  28. Rose Window

  29. Science • Despite the lack of scientific observation and experimentation and the unquestioned authority of the Catholic Church, some scientific progress was made. • 1200s - Roger Bacon : founder of experimental science • Medicine was still poor - illness was the work of the devil • Cures = herbal folk medicine, prayer, and pilgrimages to holy shrines

  30. 1200s - Rise of Towns • The growth of towns and a middle class weakened the position of the nobility. • Increased trade created a money economy, which replaced the barter economy. • Monarchs were able to hire soldiers for standing armies to protect the people, and they no longer relied on vassals for support. • Strong monarchs undermined feudal nobility.

  31. Black Plague • illness and death - killed 1/3 of the population

  32. 1300s - Challenging Century • social unrest = peasant revolts • bad weather & crop failures early in the century = hunger and starvation • divisions in the Church • Babylonian Captivity: 1309 – 1378 = 2 Popes • heresies : Wycliffe and Hus

  33. Hundred Years’ War ~ 1337-1453 • military conflict ~ England v. France • New weapons such as the longbow and cannons made armored knights obsolete and castles indefensible. • Many nobles died during the war.

  34. Economic Transformation • growth of banking and capitalism • decline of feudal and manorial systems • weakening of the guild system • emergence of the domestic system - merchants hired laborers who were paid for piecework

  35. 1400s - Time of Change • Strong national monarchies arose in England, France, and Spain to form centralized governments. • Most serfs were emancipated. • Flourishing in the arts and literature = the Renaissance. • Inquisition - court established by the Catholic Church in the 1200s to locate and try heretics - actively persecuted Jews, Muslims, and alleged witches.

More Related