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The Austronesian-Japanese Connection

The Austronesian-Japanese Connection. You can’t make this stuff up! ...Or could you?. So… Japanese is related to Hawai’ian?. それが真珠湾攻撃の理由なのか？. The Austronesian languages are thought to have split 6-8,000 years ago.

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The Austronesian-Japanese Connection

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  1. The Austronesian-Japanese Connection You can’t make this stuff up! ...Or could you?

  2. So… Japanese is related to Hawai’ian? それが真珠湾攻撃の理由なのか？ • The Austronesian languages are thought to have split 6-8,000 years ago. • The Malayo-Polynesian subfamily is the largest with approximately 300 million speakers. • Archeological evidence indicates an origin in southern China. • Found in the Philippines, Indonesia, the Malay peninsula, Taiwan, Polynesia and Madagascar! • 9 out 10 branches found only in Taiwan.

  3. Austronesian Taiwan Bunun Planting Ritual Rukai Chief Amis Harvest Festival Atayal Woman

  4. How long ago did Japanese branch off? 偽言語比較論-tastic! The idea that Japanese is an Austronesian language is considered unlikely by most. • Benedict: Japanese came from Southern China of Austro-Tai stock over 5,000 years ago. • Murayama: Japanese is an Altaic/Austronesian Hybrid • Shinmura, Oono etc.: Japanese is Altaic with Austronesian substratum • Miller: Japanese is purely Altaic.

  5. genetic relations 日本人は遺伝子的に北方系集団に親密であり、 南方系の人々とは相当に大きな距離がある

  6. Phological Diachronic Evolution of Words Copping out can be easy! Reduction-right – (RR) Elision of final syllable(s) 持つ motu < OJ mötu < PAJ *ramoc “to grasp” Reduction-left – (RL) Elision of first syllable(s) 毛 ke < OJ kë < *kai < *ka +*i < bukas

  7. Phological Diachronic Evolution of Words Copping out can be easy! Benedict seems to related apparently unrelated terms via hybrid etyma 百　momo “100” ~ PA *ribu PAJ etymon: *ri(m)bəw 水　midu ~ P-Atayalic biyuq “juice” PAJ etymon: *(m)bidźuq Analogously: 口　kuti ~ Eng. Mouth P-English-Japanese: kumau(θ)ti

  8. Austronesian Family 語彙の比較

  9. Japanese Relations 童　wara-Fe < ʔu+alak ʔu = frozen topic marker 花　Fana < baŋa (Benedict’s A. Reconstruction) cf. Paiwan (For.) baŋal “fruit” P-Kadai *baal < *baŋal “fruit” (no correspondence to *lelaki “male”) 目　me < më < *mai < *ma +*i < PAT mapra

  10. Austronesian Family 語彙の比較

  11. Japanese Relations (no correspondence to *putiʔ “white”) (no correspondence to *sakit “sick/pain”) 乳　titi < PAK tśitśi this seems to me onomatopoeic cf. Turkicčičig, Eng. tit etc. 年　tosi < OJ tösi < PAJ tuxiɣ

  12. Austronesian Family 語彙の比較

  13. Japanese Relations いざなみ　< *iza+*na+*mi iza < PAK ʔitsa na = subordinating particle mi = variant of 女 me < PAT ba(m)bəhi （伝統分析）<誘う(いざなう, “invite”)+女 …similarly いざなぎ

  14. Japanese Relations 二-futa-<Futa < (bound form) PAus. Putśa cf. Paiwan maka-pusa-ɫ, PTsou –pusa- (no correspondence to *duSa “three”) 四-yo- < yö- < Austro-Kadai śəpat (!) 五つ itutu < *i+*tutu < PAK *lima tutu = reduplicated numeral suffix -tu

  15. Most Convincing Examples: 竹 < takë < *taka+*i < PA batakan 鎚　tuti “hammer”<tutui<*tutu+*i< PA tutu 鳴く < nak- < PAK *ŋak(ŋak) 飲む < nom- < PA ʔinom 舐める　< OJ namu < PA nam(nam) “to taste” 荒　ara “wild, of the wild” < ʔalats “forest” 穴 < PAJ *qanan “hole”

  16. Abosolute worst examples ever! 田　ta “field” < PAK (m)plalaq 早/速い　<*(m)baɣat “NW monsoon, east wind etc” 矢 < PA *lawi “feather” 滝 < *(m)pujak “foam, bubble” 岡 oka “hill” < woka < PAJ *po(ŋ)krak

  17. Extra-lexical Motivation • Phonological simplicity of Japanese • Rather few phonemes • Tendency towards open syllables • Austronesian morphemes are largely CVCVC • Should this explain high rate of two-syllable morphemes in Japanese? • Or CVCVC structure of verbs like koros-? • Ainu is also heavily CVCVC…

  18. Extra-lexical Motivation • Reduplicated reduplication • Plurals – 人々 • Onomatopoeias – バラバラ • Austronesian has twice the doubling! • Plurals - orangorang • Verbal conjugations • Ainu Ainu! • merimeri “sparkles”

  19. Japanese is a dialect of English Conclusion:

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