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HAKIKAT & TEORI BELAJAR

HAKIKAT & TEORI BELAJAR. Belajar ?. Witherington (1952) : “ belajar merupakan perubahan dalam kepribadian yang dimanifestasikan sebagai pola-pola respons yang baru berbentuk keterampilan , sikap , kebiasaan , pengetahuan dan kecakapan ”.

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HAKIKAT & TEORI BELAJAR

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  1. HAKIKAT & TEORI BELAJAR

  2. Belajar ?

  3. Witherington (1952) : “belajarmerupakanperubahandalamkepribadian yang dimanifestasikansebagaipola-polarespons yang baruberbentukketerampilan, sikap, kebiasaan, pengetahuandankecakapan”. • Crow & Crow dan (1958) : “ belajaradalahdiperolehnyakebiasaan-kebiasaan, pengetahuandansikapbaru”.

  4. Hilgard (1962) : “belajaradalahprosesdimanasuatuperilakumunculperilakumunculatauberubahkarenaadanyaresponsterhadapsesuatusituasi” • Di Vestadan Thompson (1970) : “ belajaradalahperubahanperilaku yang relatifmenetapsebagaihasildaripengalaman”.

  5. Moh. Surya (1997) : “belajardapatdiartikansebagaisuatuproses yang dilakukanolehindividuuntukmemperolehperubahanperilakubarusecarakeseluruhan, sebagaihasildaripengalamanindividuitusendiridalamberinteraksidenganlingkungannya”.

  6. Belajar = Perubahanperilaku

  7. Bloom, perubahanperilaku yang terjadisebagaihasilbelajarmeliputiperubahandalamkawasan (domain) kognitif, afektifdanpsikomotor

  8. KawasanKognitif, kawasan yang berkaitanaspek-aspekintelektualatauberfikir/nalarterdiridari : • Pengetahuan (knowledge) • Pemahaman (comprehension) • Penerapan (application) • Penguraian (analysis) • Memadukan (synthesis) • Penilaian (evaluation)

  9. B. Kawasan Afektif, kawasan afektif yaitu kawasan yang berkaitan aspek-aspek emosional, seperti perasaan, minat, sikap, kepatuhan terhadap moral dan sebagainya, terdiri dari : • Penerimaan (receiving/attending) • Sambutan (responding) • Penilaian (valuing) • Pengorganisasian (organization) • Karakterisasi (characterization)

  10. C. KawasanPsikomotor, Kawasanpsikomotoryaitukawasan yang berkaitandenganaspek-aspekketerampilan yang melibatkanfungsisistemsyarafdanotot (neuronmuscular system) danfungsipsikis. Kawasaniniterdiridari : • kesiapan; • peniruan (imitation); • membiasakan (habitual); • menyesuaikan (adaptation) dan • menciptakan (origination).

  11. TEORI BELAJAR

  12. Behaviorism (stimulus – response approach) Merriam and Caffarella (1999, p. 251) based on Mager, Skinner, Thorndike, and Watson 1. observable behavior rather than internal thought processes is the focus of study; in particular, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. 2. the environment shapes behavior; what one learns is determined by the elements in the environment, not by the individual learner. 3. the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning process.

  13. 2. Cognitivism • learning process as an internal and active mental process, which develops within a learner, increased mental capacity and skills in order to learn better. • One assumption of cognitivism is that an existing knowledge structure must be present in order to compare and process new information for learning. This existing knowledge structure is referred to as schema. Schema is activated and utilized for the benefit of learning when a learner is “made aware of his background knowledge and exposed to strategies to ‘bridge’ from pre-requisite skills to learning objectives” (Blanton,1998, p. 172).

  14. 3. Constructivism individuals actively construct knowledge based on experience. Thus, knowledge cannot be simply passed on from learner to learner, but must be constructed individually by each learner. Boethel and Dimock (2000, p. 6-8) outline that constructivist-learning theory emphasizes six assumptions of constructivism: * Learning is an adaptive activity. * Learning is situated in the context where it occurs. * Knowledge is constructed by the learner. * Experience and prior understanding play a role in learning. * There is resistance to change. * Social interaction plays a role in learning.

  15. Kesimpulan • Belajar = Perubahanperilaku • Ada 3 teoribelajar yang perludipahami agar mengerticaraterjadinyaperubahanperilakutersebut.

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