Introduction to Biometrics

1. Introduction to Biometrics Dr. Bhavani Thuraisingham The University of Texas at Dallas Lecture #15 Biometrics Applications - II October 19, 2005

2. Outline • Overview • Citizen Facing Applications • Employee Facing Applications

3. References • Course Text Book, Chapter 11, Chapter 12

4. Groups of Applications • Citizen Facing Applications • E.g., Criminal identification • Employee Facing Applications • PC/Network access, Physical access • Customer-facing applications • POS Transactions

5. Citizen Facing Applications • A Government body (state, federal agency) provides authentication an enforces compliances with the system’s match decisions • Examples, law enforcement, benefits disbursement, obtaining drivers’ license • Large scale systems enrolling thousand of people • Three aspects • Criminal identification • Citizen identification • Surveillance

6. Criminal Identification • Use of biometrics technologies to • identify or verify the identity of a suspect, detainee • Law enforcement applications

7. Current Trends and Directions • Current Trends • Automated fingerprint searches against local, state and national databases • Automated processing of mug shots • Directions • Internet-based fingerprint and image databases • DNA-based solutions

8. DNA Biometrics • Proving that a suspect's DNA matches a sample left at the scene of a crime requires two things: Creating a DNA profile using basic molecular biology protocols; Crunching numbers and applying the principles of population genetics to prove a match mathematically • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes containing the DNA blueprint that encodes all the materials needed to make up your body as well as the instructions for how to run it. One member of each chromosomal pair comes from your mother, and the other is contributed by your father. • Every cell in your body contains a copy of this DNA; While the majority of DNA doesn't differ from human to human, some 3 million base pairs of DNA (about 0.10 percent of your entire genome) vary from person to person. • The key to DNA evidence lies in comparing the DNA left at the scene of a crime with a suspect's DNA in these chromosomal regions that do differ.

9. Related Technologies • AFIS technology with live scan devices most commonly used • Facial scan • Confidence is not high

10. Biometrics Solution Matrix • How urgent is the authentication problem that biometrics are solving • What is the scope of the authentication problem that biometrics are solving • How well can biometrics solve the authentication problem? • Are biometrics the only possible authentication solution? • How receptive are users to biometrics as an authentication solution

11. Factors considered in the Matrix • Exclusivity • Biometrics is the only technology for large scale applications • Effectiveness • High level of accuracy • Receptiveness • Little resistance • Urgency • Rapid searches needed • Scope • Limited usually to law enforcement

12. Cost and Deployment Issues • Hardware • Convert ink-based cards to electronic fingerprint cards • Fingerprint matching • Facial scan • Deployment, integration, maintenance

13. Citizen Identification • Use of biometrics to identify/verify individuals when interacting with government agencies • Card issuance • Voting • Immigration • Social services

14. Current Trends and Directions • Current Trends • Voting and Voter Registration • Government benefits • Immigration • Driver’s license • Background checks • Directions • Multifunction cards with information including employment, medical, citizenship status

15. Related Technologies • AFIS, Face scan and Finger scan used most often • Mostly government section applications

16. Factors • Exclusivity • Biometrics is the only technology for many of the functions • Effectiveness • High level of accuracy • Receptiveness • Need consent • Urgency • Not as pressing as criminal identification • Scope • Wide range of applications

17. Cost and Deployment Issues • Logistics of enrollment • Difficult to enroll millions of people • Scalability • Need to work for numerous people • Response times • Delays will cause backlog • Error rates • Must be within acceptable range • Legacy systems • Need to integrate new systems with existing systems • Privacy • Need privacy enhanced systems

18. Surveillance • Identify or verify the identity of a person in a specified area • Complement/Replace authentication methods such as manual monitoring

19. Current Trends and Directions • Current Trends • Deployed in casinos, policy applications, Matching through surveillance cameras • Directions • Counterterrorism, More widespread use

20. Related Technologies • Facial scan is the main technology • Voice scan may be used for conversation monitoring

21. Factors • Exclusivity • Biometrics is the only technology for surveillance monitoring • Effectiveness • Deterrence is the main benefit • Receptiveness • After 9/11 more acceptance • Urgency • 9/11 has changed the urgency • Scope • Widespread use is possible

22. Cost and Deployment Issues • Companies can get income from licensing • Can use existing hardware, especially for facial scan • Need quality enrollment • May need manual intervention to make absolutely certain • Deference only if the person is aware being monitored

23. Employee Facing Applications • Institution (public or private) provides authentication an enforces compliances with the system’s match decisions • Usually a closed system within a department • Two aspects • PC/Network access • Physical access, time attendance

24. PC/Network Access • Use of biometrics to identify/verify access to a PC or network resources • Usually intended to complement/replace passwords/PINs

25. Current Trends and Directions • Current Trends • Access to sensitive files • Used in products such as Windows NT, Novell , Solaris • Middleware-based solutions • Directions • Smartcard, PKI together with Biometrics • More widespread use • Keystroke dynamics

26. Related Technologies • Finger scan and middleware technologies • Facial scan and vice scan are also being investigated

27. Factors • Exclusivity • Biometrics not the only solution. Passwords still being used • Effectiveness • Fairly low error rates • Receptiveness • General receptive due to increased security • Urgency • Urgent due to risks involved with passwords mechanism • Scope • Will affect nearly every individual due to PC access

28. Cost and Deployment Issues • Cost depends on number of users and machines used • Enrollment issues • Are users mobile? • Remote resource access • What happens if users are falsely rejected? • Educating the user about the system • Establishing security levels

29. Physical Access/Time and Attendance • Identify/verify individual entering the building • Complements/replaces current authentication schemes

30. Current Trends and Directions • Current Trends • Control access to secure areas • Time/attendance record keeping • Directions • Integrating biometric technologies with human resources applications

31. Related Technologies • Hand scan and finger scan are commonly used • Iris scan and retina scan have also been deployed

32. Factors • Exclusivity • Biometrics not the only solution. Badges, tokens also used • Effectiveness • Rapid response problem • Receptiveness • More receptive to physical access than time/attendance • Urgency • Air travel after 9/11 • Scope • Potential for widespread use

33. Cost Issues • Cost mostly for hardware and integration • Need to have a good understanding of the current access system, fallback procedures in case of false rejection • PIN, passwords etc.