Chapter 7: Long Term Separatist Terrorism

1. Chapter 7:Long Term Separatist Terrorism

2. The Irish Trouble: Vikings • Irish culture originated with Celtic invasion 300 years before Christ. • Never united as a single entity under a Celtic ruler or political authority • Government was maintained through kinship and clans • Viking raiders began attacking Ireland about 800 C.E. • Brian Boru was declared High King of Ireland in 1014 and successfully revolted against the Vikings.

3. The Irish Trouble: The Normans • Normans were attracted to fortifications offered by Irish cities • As well as the agricultural wealth of the interior • Normans were descendants of William the Conqueror. • Had ambitions for extending their domains • Staked territorial claims in Ireland • Found success due to new methods of warfare • Normans ruled Ireland from 1171 till 1601.

4. The Irish Trouble: The Normans • Normans built castles to control Irish cities. • Irish peasants generally dominated rural areas. • The Irish maintained cultural and religious traditions. • The Irish and English vied for dominance – Irish maintained tribal customs and clan structure ending in 1601. • Irish nobles fled for mainland Europe. • English and Scottish settlers laid claim to Ireland.

5. Reformation and Ireland • Protestant Reformation had tremendous impact on Ireland. • King Henry VIII created independent Church of England in Ireland. • Irish Catholics revolted. • Trouble created by Reformation continues today. • Elizabeth I • Plantation of Ulster • Ethnic division in Ireland fueled by religious differences and animosities.

6. Reformation and Ireland • Ireland in 1600s dominated by three major issues: • First, Plantation of Ulster displaced Irish peasants. • Conquest not colonization • Second, English Civil War came to Ireland. • Cromwell slaughtered thousands • Third, Ireland became base from which to revolt against William of Orange. • Apprentice Boys

7. Republican Revolutionaries • Protestants and Catholics joined together for independence – they called themselves the Society of United Irishmen. • Theobald Wolfe Tone: • Member of Church of Ireland • Demanded freedom for Catholics • Demanded the end of Penal laws • Irish independence more important than religious differences • Led French troops in a revolt • Facing a French invasion from Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1801.

8. Home Rule • Act of Union – gave Ireland voice in the British Parliament • Home Rule (Daniel O’Connel, Charles Parnell, John Redmont) – legislative drive for independence • Second parliament for Ireland free from direction British control • Ireland would remain part of United Kingdom • Citizens would swear allegiance to British monarchy • Exercise autonomy through their own prime minister and legislative body

9. Home Rule: Unionists • Protestants in the north were not in favor of Home Rule; they wanted to remain under British rule. • Afraid of Catholics in the south • Felt they would lose status • Outnumbered Catholics • Irish Protestant Unionists began to militarize their Orange organizations

10. Early Irish Republican Army (IRA) • Bell: Definitive treatise on origins and development of IRA. • Began with campaign of violence by Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in late 1800s. • Bombings and assassinations from 1870-1916. • IRB activities frightened Irish citizens. • IRB leadership was dominated by men who believed each generation produced warriors who would fight for independence. • Provided basis for resurgence of Irish culture.

11. The Easter Rising • British promised home rule to Ireland at the end of WWI. • Pearse and Connolly led a revolt in Dublin on Easter Day 1916. • They announced revolutionaries had formed an Irish Republic. • Britain fought back militarily. • IRB transformed into IRA.

12. 1916 Easter Rising • Political party of republicanism, Sinn Fein, had not gathered public support. • Irish popular opinion favored Home Rule • Uprising failed • British overreacted • Death sentences • Prison sentences • Execution of Pearse and Connelly garnered public sympathy

13. The Black and Tan War • Sinn Fein continued its activities in spite of the failure of the Easter Rising • Rejection of the home rule • Demand of a complete free state without British participation in Irish politic • Michael Collins: • Revolution must be systematic, organized, and ruthless • Studied tactics of earlier anarchists and terrorists • Developed selective terrorism: • After months of planning, recruiting and organizing Collins launched the IRA

14. The Black and Tan War • Collins continued campaign of terror against unionist and the RIC – Royal Irish Constabulary • British response was hastily formed • Military force called the Black and Tans (because of their mismatched uniforms) invited Ireland • Both sides employed tactics of murder and mayhem. • Conflict became known as The Black and Tan War.

15. Separation and Independence • Seeking to end violence in Ireland, politicians in Britain and Ireland formulated steps to grant Irish independence. • Protestant unionists feared abandonment by British. • 1921 treaty between Britain and Ireland (Micheal Collins): • Ireland would be granted independency. • Ulster would remain under British protection. • Southern Ireland became the Free State – the Republic of Ireland.

16. Separation and Independence • Civil war broke out • IRA fought Irish government forces claiming Irish independence extended to all Irish people • Eamon De Valera • Murder of Michael Collins • Rejected British control of the North • British tightened hold on North granting special powers to combat the IRA • Ireland became a divided country.

17. Trends in the IRA to 1985 • 1927 – De Valera become Prime Minister • 1930s split in ranks of IRA • One group of the IRA believed in peaceful political expression of its ideals (James Connolly) • Second group of IRA (Provisional IRA) believed that purpose of the IRA was to fight • IRA was active in England from 1939 to 1944 • IRA launched ineffective terrorist campaign in Northern Ireland in 1956 • Without the public support IRA called off its offensive in the North in 1962

18. Trends in the IRA to 1985 • In 1969 Catholic civil rights campaign engulfed Northern Ireland • Demonstrations grew violent when Catholics demanded same rights as Protestants in 1969. • Economic situations in Northern Ireland favored Protestant Unionists. • 1922 – 1966 civil rights of Catholics in Northern Ireland were reduced • Economic power of Unionists increased • Civil right workers and demonstrators become very active. • In 1969 demonstration march from Londonderry to Belfast turned into fight with RUC (B-Specials)

19. Trends in the IRA to 1985 • British army had little to no appreciation of the historical circumstances behind the conflict: • Mistakenly allied itself with one of the extremist positions in the conflict • Republicans and Catholics became a subject of British Army oppression • Feeling oppressed they found help in IRA • Unionist organization created terrorists enclaves to terrorize Republicans • Unionist terror was based on retribution

20. Negotiating an end to terrorism • Anglo-Irish Peace Accord 1985 • Establishing a joint system of government for the troubled area • In 1990 IRA announced ceasefire • In 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement) was signed: • Call for independent human rights investigations, compensation for the victims of violence, and decommissioning of parliamentary groups • In 2005 IRA announced end of its campaign in 2005 • In 2010 the British Government, after conducting investigation, publicly apologize to the demonstrators for the Army’s actions in 1972 on Bloody Sunday.

21. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA) • Basque region: located in Spain, extended over the Pyrenees to France • After the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714) the Basque region was granted semi-autonomy. • Spanish power gradually enfolded the region in the 20th century, sharpening ethnic and ideological divisions. • In the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Republicans fought Fascists. • Gen. Franco (Fascist) campaigned against Basque national identity; he banned the Basque language and cultural expression. • In 1950 Basques formed government in exile in Paris.

22. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA) • ETA – Euskadia ta Askatasuna • Waged a campaign of violence since 1959 and has killed more than 800 people. • Was organized by Basque students who were dissatisfied with the accommodation of the Basque government in exile (in France). • Claimed an historical, linguistic, literary, and cultural identity that distinguishes them from both Spain and France. • Firstly, group did not advocate violence. • Later ETA decided to take an armed revolution. • ETA split in1974 to ETA and ETA-M (militant wing). • After Gen. Franco death, the Spanish government restored the Basque language and gave control over education to local governments.

23. ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads • 1970s • ETA began a Marighella- style campaign of assassination, robbery and banditry. • 1980s • Most violent year, 92 people killed • The emergence of the Spanish Death Squads • Marital law failed, and Death Squads become to torture and murder suspected terrorists and supporters. • Individual Death Squads evolved into GAL – Anti-Terrorist Liberation Group.

24. ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads • 1990s • ETA conducted sporadic bombings • In 1998 ETA agreed to a ceasefire • In 1999 ETA came back to fighting • In 2001 ETA murdered thirty foreign tourists, attacking Spain’s major industry. • In 2006 ETA signed another ceasefire. • In 2007 bombings reoccurred. • In 2010 ETA signed another ceasefire.

25. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE) • Tamils are an ethnic minority in southern India and Sri Lanka. • LTTE was found in 1976 by Velupillai Pirapharan. • LTTE population were bolstered by religious and ethnic identity. • LTTE used terrorism as a prelude to guerilla warfare and to support uniformed guerillas in field. • In 2009, Sri Lankan government declared victory over LTTE.

26. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE) • History of LTTE struggle: • After II World War Tamils were represented in Sri Lanka government. • In 1955 Sinhalese majority forced the government to adopt a Singhalese only policy. • The Ceylon (Sri Lanka) government (Sinhalese majority) began to target minority Tamils in the 70s and 80s. • Following Sinhalese rioting in 1983, the LTTE mounted three on-again, off-again terrorist campaigns.

27. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE) • TACTICS: • Standard guerilla tactics from 1988 to 1992 • Bank robberies, bombings and murder • In 1987 LTTE pioneered the use of suicide bombings • In 1990 LTTE organized Naval force • threatening shipping operations with suicide boats and other seaborne operations • In 1994 and 1995 LTTE organized itself as a uniformed military force

28. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE) • In 1995 Sri Lanka government signed a peace agreement with LTTE. • The peace accord broke down and Sri Lanka forces launched an all out attack on Tamil strongholds. • LTTE returned to the campaign. • In 2002 ceasefire was renewed. • In 2005 a LTTE sniper shot dead the Sri Lankan Foreign Minister.

29. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE) • Fighting resumed in 2006. • In 2008 Sri Lankan Security Forces began a major military offense: • ‘no-fire’ zones were created • Forces moved to Tamil areas • Tamil population was given an option: • Stay and fight • Move to no-fire zones • Sri Lanka won, but the International Crisis Groups notes that there is still a danger that ethnic violence will restore in the future.

30. Critical Engagement: Separatist Negotiations • Neuman: • Nationalistic separatists present a unique opportunity for negotiated settlements because they have recognizable goals. • The first step in negotiation is recognition of group attitude toward the use of violence: • Questioning the utility of violence gives chances in negotiation. • Secondly, group’s ability to control its own members must be recognized: • Lack of structure and effective command would not help negotiation.

31. Critical Engagement: Separatist Negotiations • Neuman’s pragmatic guidelines for negotiation: • If government appears to eager to negotiate, it may backfire. • Agreement on a ceasefire must precede negotiations. • Negotiations must address both the political settlement and the welfare of the terrorists. • Negotiations must be broadly based. • Terrorist must agree to become a part of the democratic process and renounce violence.