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The Evolution of Hand-Held Power Equipment George Johnson

The Evolution of Hand-Held Power Equipment George Johnson. Topics. Emission Regulations: California Federal Industry Update Maintenance Recommendations. Emission Regulation Agencies. CARB: California Air Resources Board EPA: Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Regulations.

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The Evolution of Hand-Held Power Equipment George Johnson

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  1. The Evolution of Hand-Held • Power Equipment • George Johnson

  2. Topics • Emission Regulations: • California • Federal • Industry Update • Maintenance Recommendations

  3. Emission Regulation Agencies • CARB: California Air Resources Board • EPA: Environmental Protection Agency

  4. Emission Regulations • Background • CARB tier II • EPA Phase 2

  5. HC Hydrocarbons NOx Oxides of nitrogen CO Carbon monoxide Future: PM particulate matter What Is Being Regulated?

  6. HC smog, potential cancer cause CO toxic NOx smog PM toxic, visible smoke Emission Effects

  7. Clean Air Act 1970 Amended CAA 1990 CARB tier I 1995 EPA phase 1 1997 CARB tier II 2000 EPA 2 Jan 2002 CARB Tier III 2005 Emissions Regulation History

  8. CARB Tier II • Effective Jan. 2000 • HC + Nox level 54 g/bhp-hr • No phase in • No engine classes • Some exemptions

  9. EPA Phase 2 Engine Classes • Class III to 20cc • Class IV 20~50cc • Class V above 50cc

  10. EPA Phase 2 • Jan. 2002 (Class III & IV) • Based on date of manufacture • HC +Nox levels: 37 g/bhp-hr (class IV) • Phase in • 3 engine classes • No exemptions (except volume)

  11. Corporate Averaging (EPA only) • Exchanging of engine family emission credits within a manufacturer’s product line • Credits can be banked, sold or purchased • Shindaiwa uses corporate averaging

  12. Volume Exemptions • Engine families with annual sales volumes under 5,000 are exempt until 2 years after phase-in for that class • Class III, IV: Jan 1, 2008 • Class V: Jan. 1, 2010

  13. EPA Phase 2 Phase-in with corporate averaging Prior Shindaiwa Class IV Average = 184

  14. EPA Phase 2 (Class V) Phase-in with corporate averaging Prior Shindaiwa Class V Average = 120

  15. Small car: 91 grams/hour Pre-regulation 2-stroke: 275 grams/hour EPA II regulation: 40 grams/hour Automobile vs. Handheld Emissions (HC, NOx)

  16. Emission Levels HC + NOx 1990’s 1995 1997 2000 2005

  17. Emission Output Pre-CARB 2-stroke 275 g/hp/hr CARB Shindaiwa 230 180 CARB II Shindaiwa 231 50 Shindaiwa T2510 20~23* *initial production without a catalyst!

  18. Evaporative emissions Fuel spillage Other/Future

  19. Fuel Spillage • Pre-regulation: accounted for 15% of total handheld emissions output • Today’s latest-technology units are 1/8 that level of emission output • Most of current hand-held emissions come from spilled fuel and open containers!

  20. Why is a 2-stroke inherently higher in emission output vs. 4-stroke? • Ports vs. valves • Combustion not complete before port opens • Some unburned gasses pushed “out the pipe” • With valves, combustion is completed before the valves open (sealed combustion chamber)

  21. Industry Solutions • Oxidation catalyst • Three way catalyst • Stratified charge • Compression wave • Hi-efficiency recirculator • Electric • Micro 4-stroke

  22. Oxidation catalyst (OC) Shindaiwa, Stihl, Mitsubishi Three way catalyst (TWC) Echo Stratified charge RedMax, Tanaka & Stihl Compression wave John Deere?? High efficiency recirc. Maruyama Electric Echo Micro - 4 strokes Honda, Ryobi, Briggs, Robin, RedMax New Technologies Shindaiwa closed ported Shindaiwa C4 Stihl 4 cycle Industry Emission Solutions

  23. Attainable Emission Levels (g/bhp/hr) for HC + NOx • Oxidation Catalyst 44-53 • Compression wave 46 • Three way catalyst 37-44 • Recirculator 41 • Stratified charge 35-50 • Micro 4-stroke 11-23

  24. Brand “S” Solution

  25. Brand “S”Solution Catalytic Muffler 4-Cycle Hybrid RPM-limited ignition

  26. Brand “E” Solution Closed-port Cylinder EDM porting Oxidation Catalyst VST (variable slope timing) ignition

  27. Brand “E” Solution No mention of catalytic muffler All “1” models have catalyst

  28. Brand “E” Solution Actively working on 4-stroke technology Most recent micro 4-stroke patents at U.S. Patent Office belong to Brand “E”

  29. Brand “E” Solution

  30. Brand “R” Solution Stratocharged Technology Secondary air introduction for lean burn Does not use a catalyst

  31. Brand “R” Solution 25.4 CC Sold Solution To Brand “S” Sold Solution To Brand “T” (Home Depot)

  32. Stratocharged Limitations 37 g/bhp-hr without catalyst (claimed) 30 g/bhp-hr possible with catalyst

  33. Heavy New user requirements, procedures Slow to warm up Poor throttle response Not true all-position engines Questionable power, power/weight Early Mini-4 Stroke Limitations

  34. Honda, Ryobi, Briggs Mini 4-Strokes • All have a crankcase • None are true all-position • All have a dipstick!

  35. Shindaiwa Solutions Expanded C4 • 2510, 3410 • HT/DH2510 • EB2510 EB8000 (OHC) Closed-port/Stratified Charge • T272 • T232, T262 coming

  36. New C4 Engine Technology

  37. Shindaiwa C4 Features • Rotary valve carburetor • Reed valves (2) • Overhead valves • 2 ring piston • Chrome cylinder • Boost Chamber • Mixed fuel lubrication

  38. Shindaiwa 2-Cycle Catalyst • Emission range • As low as 40g/bhp-hr

  39. Catalytic Mufflers • Need high temperatures to perform at their best • Peak temperature is several minutes after shutdown

  40. Catalytic Characteristics • Same as for a vehicle • Hotter if run rich • Potential fire hazard from direct contact

  41. Low Emission Unit Labeling

  42. Engine Compliance Rating • “C” 50 hours: Consumer • “B” 125 hours: Farm/Semi-pro • “A” 300 hours: Commercial/Professional • Engine must remain in emission compliance for this period • Does not represent ultimate engine life!

  43. One Simple Fact:Low-emission engines are less forgiving than older engines!

  44. Exhaust Temps At WOT Muffler temps will reach 1000° F in about 2 minutes.

  45. Higher Temperatures Require Better Oils • Today’s low-emission engines run at considerably higher temperature vs. older engines • Earlier oil additive packages may not be designed to operate at these temperatures

  46. Mixing Oil • New engine technologies require the use of ISO EGD or JASO FC grade oil • We recommend Shindaiwa One High Performance mixing oil

  47. Low-Emission Engine Maintenance • Clean cylinder fins • Clean air intake • Clean air filter • Use correct spark plug heat range • Use line limiters • Run at WOT whenever possible

  48. Thank You! • Questions?

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