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Computer Abstractions and Technology

This resource delves into the foundational aspects of computer science, exploring the abstractions and technologies that underpin computing systems. It begins with instruction sets and machine code, analyzing the relationship between hardware and software. The guide highlights the differences between high-level languages and assembly, the role of operating systems, and the significance of memory hierarchy including primary and secondary memory. Additionally, it discusses components like input/output devices and promotes concepts like program libraries for code reuse. Essential for both students and professionals seeking a deeper understanding of computer organization and functionality.

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Computer Abstractions and Technology

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  1. Computer Abstractions and Technology • Looking “up” • assemblers, compilers, programs • Looking “down” • input devices (mouse, keyboard) • output devices (VDT, printer) • storage devices (memory, hard drive, ZIP drive) • processor Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  2. Machine Code • Instructions that control the actions of the processor Instruction Set Vocabulary of commands understood by a certain architecture Instruction Set Architecture Abstract interface between hardware and lowest level of software Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  3. Computer Program Abstraction • High-level language programcompiled into • Assembly language program(processor-dependent)assembled into • Binary machine code program(processor-dependent) Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  4. Programming Languages • Advantages • more natural for reasoning about programs • improved productivity • easier to write programs at higher abstraction level • independent of computer processor Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  5. Program LibrariesOperating Systems • Program libraries • Promote reuse • Avoid having to write from scratch each time • Operating System • Supervisor program (safer) managing system and application (user, less safe) programs Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  6. Computer Organization Classic components of a computer: • Input • Output • Memory • Datapath • Control Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  7. Computer Organization Classic components of a computer: • Input • Output • Memory • Processor (Datapath + Control) Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  8. Memory Hierarchy • Primary (main) memory • fast (50-100ns access time), small, volatile • solid-state, no moving parts • implemented with DRAMs (since 1975) • Secondary memory • slower (5-20ms access time), larger, cheaper, persistent • mechanical • implemented with magnetic disks (since 1965) Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  9. Road Map • Input (Chapter 8) • Output (Chapter 8) • Memory (Chapter 7) • Datapath (Chapters 4, 5, 6) • Control (Chapters 5, 6) Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

  10. Also in Chapter 1 §1.5 – Real Stuff: Manufacturing Pentium Chips §1.6 – Fallacies and Pitfalls §1.8 – Historical Perspective and Related Reading §1.9 – Key Terms Ch.1 - Computer Abstractions and Technology

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