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Early views of mental illness

Early views of mental illness. Mental illness as sign of witchcraft or demonic possession Mental illness as moral deficiency But, even in medieval times, there were some who proposed biological causes for mental illness, and treated those who were ill with compassion.

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Early views of mental illness

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  1. Early views of mental illness • Mental illness as sign of witchcraft or demonic possession • Mental illness as moral deficiency • But, even in medieval times, there were some who proposed biological causes for mental illness, and treated those who were ill with compassion

  2. Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) • “Removed the chains” from asylum patients in Paris • Improved nutrition, hygiene, living conditions • Used an early form of behavior modification (rewards & punishments) to bring order into patients’ lives

  3. Other early reformers • William Tuke (1732-1822) • Benjamin Rush (1745-1813) • “Bloodletting” as treatment • “Gyrator” treatment • “Tranquilizer” chair

  4. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) • Crusaded to improve care of patients in state asylums, jails, & poorhouses • Toured institutions, then wrote detailed critiques of what she saw • Played a role in the creation of 47 new hospitals and schools • Helped the mentally ill live out their lives with more dignity

  5. Clifford Beers (1876-1943) • Actually believed that the mentally ill could be cured • Yale graduate, hospitalized for depression after a suicide attempt; spent 3 years in mental institutions himself • Founded National Committee for Mental Hygiene

  6. The development of hypnosis • Anton Mesmer’s “animal magnetism” • John Elliotson: petitioned to study the anesthetic effects of mesmerism • James Esdaile: did actually study mesmerism as anesthesia, in India • James Braid: actually coined the term “neurhypnology,” later shortened to “hypnosis”

  7. Hypnotism controversies • Liebeault & Bernheim: concept of suggestibility as basis for hypnosis • Charcot: considered the ability to be hypnotized to be closely related to hysteria (manifestation of physical symptoms without an underlying physical problem) • Is hypnotic suggestibility normal, or a sign of mental disorder?

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