PowerPoint Presentation Materials For Instructor’s Online Learning Center

1. PowerPoint Presentation Materials For Instructor’s Online Learning Center Traditions and Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 4th Edition Jerry H. Bentley Herbert F. Ziegler PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson

2. The 6 historical time periods • Technological and Environmental transformations • Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies: 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E. • Regional and Transregional Interactions: 600 C.E. to c. 1450 • Global Interactions: c. 1450 to c. 1750 • Industrialization and Global Integration: c. 1750 to c. 1900 • Accelerating Global Change and Realignments: c. 1900 to Present

3. Chapter 1 Before History Turn to page 16 – Independent Inventions of Agriculture Lets practice!

4. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 to 600 B.C.E) • “Marker Events” (events that changed history) difficult to set a date due to lack of interaction between humans • Invention of agriculture did not occur at one time (started in 8000 B.C.E.) • Developed independently by many diverse groups

5. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 to 600 B.C.E) • Migrations are permanent moves • local, regional, and global • Usually economic reasons • Push Factor encourages people to move from the region they live in: Why? • Persecution based on religion, race, nationality, or political opinions • Pull Factor attracts people to a new region • Better jobs • Democratic governments • Environmental Factors influence migrations • Intervening factors halt migration

6. Technological and Environmental Transformations (8000 to 600 B.C.E) • With movement, people spread their cultures to new areas: a process called Cultural Diffusion • Innovations, technology, religion, language, food, clothing, and disease • As human interaction increases, disease spread more rapidly • The 14th century plague (The Black Plague) • Small Pox to the New World

7. Forming the Complex Society • Basic development: • Hunting and Foraging • Agriculture • Complex Society • Key issue: surplus capital • Major development of first complex societies 3500 BCE – 500 BCE

8. Prehistory • What is “history”? • Documentation • Written records • Archaeological discovery • Requisite human presence (or “natural” history)

9. Development of Hominids • Animals adapt themselves to environment • Hominids adapt environment to themselves • Use of tools • Language • Complex cooperative social structures

10. Australopithecus • “the southern ape” – despite name a hominid • Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia • Nicknamed “Lucy” • 40% of SWF, 3’5”, 55lb., bipedal, Brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit • Estimated date of death: 3.5 million years ago

11. Later Hominids • Homo Erectus, “upright man” • Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire • Homo Sapiens, “consciously thinking human” • Largest brain, esp. frontal regions • most sophisticated tools and social organization • Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens

12. Global spread of hominids and Homo sapiens

13. The Natural Environment • By 13,000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world • Archaeological finds: • Sophisticated tools • Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows • Cave and hut like dwellings • Use of fire, animal skins • Hunted several mammal species to extinction • Climactic change may have accelerated process

14. Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”) • Evidence: • Archaeological finds • Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies • Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization • Groups of 30-50 • Division of labor along gender lines

15. Relative Social Equality • Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth • More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality • Possible gender equality related to food production • Men: protein from hunting • Women: plant gathering

16. Big Game Hunting • Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions • Development of weaponry • Animal-skin disguises • Stampeding tactics • Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones • Requires planning, communication

17. Neandertal Peoples • Neander valley, western Germany • Flourished in Europe & SW Asia, 200,000 – 35,000 years ago • Also found in Africa, east Asia • Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial • Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens

18. Creativity of Homo sapiens • Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas • Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons • Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets • The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans power over nature • “Venus” figurines • Cave paintings

19. Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) • Distinction in tool production • Chipped vs. polished • Men: herding animals rather than hunting • Women: nurtured vegetation rather than foraging • Spread of Agriculture • Slash-and-and burn techniques • Exhaustion of soil promotes migration • Transport of crops from one region to another

20. Agricultural Development and Early Agricultural Communities Gender Inequality • Neolithic Revolution is responsible for the distinctions between men and women • Women lose economic power: In hunting and gather societies, women’s gathering skills were essential for survival skills • Men took over the agriculture and animals; women sidelined to taking care of the domestic chores • Men’s physical strength meant they could do the work

21. Origins and early spread of agriculture

22. Agriculture and Population Growth

23. Early Agricultural Society • Emergence of villages and towns • Development of crafts –pottery, metallurgy, and woven textile production • Tools- eventually into plows, wheels and wheeled vehicles.

24. Social Distinctions • Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes • Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items • Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük • Religion?

25. Neolithic Culture • Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science • Elements of natural environment essential for functioning • Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects • Fertility: Venus figurines

26. Beginnings of Urbanization • Jericho: concentration of wealth, building a wall • Craft specialization • Social stratification • Governance • Cultural workers • Development of the city – a gradual process

27. You should be able to identify the location of the following examples of core and foundational civilizations: • Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River valleys • Egypt in the Nile River Valley • Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley • Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley • Olmecs in Mesoamerica • Chavin in Andean South America

28. The Earliest Civilizations