Counter Culture

1. Counter Culture

2. Counter Culture Rap

3. Section 1 • Did You Know? Tom Hayden and Al Haber founded Students for a Democratic Society in 1959. Hayden later became a California state legislator.

5. The Growth of the Youth Movement • During the 1960s, a youth movement developed that challenged American politics, its social system, and the values of the time. • The beginning of the 1960s youth movement began in the 1950s. During the 1950s, the nation had a boom in its economy that not all Americans enjoyed. Some Americans, especially writers and artists of the "beat" movement, openly criticized American society.

7. The youth movement also reflected the huge number of baby boomers. By 1970, 58.4 percent of the American population was 34 years old or younger. • The economic boom of the 1950s led to a dramatic increase in college enrollment. College gave young people the opportunity to share their feelings and fears about the future with others.

8. Students concerned about injustices in political and social issues formed the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). Their views were written in the 1962 declaration known as the Port Huron Statement. Written by Tom Hayden, editor of the University of Michigan's student newspaper, the statement called for an end to apathy and urged citizens to stop accepting a country run by corporations and big government.

9. A group of activists at the University of California at Berkeley, led by Mario Savio, began the Free Speech Movement. The group, disgruntled by several practices at the university, staged a sit-in at the administration building. After some 700 protesters were arrested, a campus-wide strike stopped classes for two days. The administration gave in to the student's demands, and the Supreme Court validated the student's rights to freedom of speech and assembly on campus. The Berkeley revolt became the model for college demonstrations around the country.

10. What types of issues did the SDS groups focus on? • (The Students for a Democratic Society protested the Vietnam War as well as issues of poverty, campus regulations, nuclear power, and racism.)

12. The Counterculture • Some young Americans did not challenge the system. Instead, they sought to create their own society. The counterculture, or hippies, were mostly white youths from middle- and upper-class backgrounds. They lived a life that promoted flamboyant dress, rock music, drug use, and free and independent living.

13. At the core of the counterculture was a utopian ideal of living, or the ideal of a society that was free, closer to nature, and full of love, empathy, tolerance, and cooperation. As the movement grew, newcomers did not always understand these roots and focused on the outward signs of the movement. Long hair, Native American headbands, shabby jeans, and drugs were common.

14. Communes or group living arrangements in which members shared everything and worked together, were formed as hippies dropped out of society. • One of the most popular hippie destinations was the Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco.

15. As counterculture members rejected materialism, many embraced spirituality. A broad range of beliefs—including astrology, magic, Eastern religions, and new forms of Christianity—were popular. Two new religious groups of this time were the Unification Church and the Hare Krishna movement.

16. The counterculture declined, as some hippie communities became a place where criminal activity was common. Drug use declined as the excitement faded and as more young people became addicted or died from overdoses.

17. Why did a counterculture emerge? • (The counterculture was a rebellion against the dominant culture in the United States. It was a reaction to the 1950s stereotype of the man in a grey flannel suit who led a repressed and colorless life. A number of young Americans wanted to build their own society different from their middle- and upper-class existence.)

18. Impact of the Counterculture • The counterculture had an impact on American life as mainstream America adopted some of their ideas. • The international fashion world looked to the counterculture to create new fashions with more color and comfort. Military, worn-out, and ethnic clothing was popular. As the initial shock of the counterculture waned, what was once clothing of defiance became mainstream.

19. During the 1960s, the distinction between traditional art and popular art, or pop art, ended. Pop art took its subject matter from popular culture, using photographs, comics, advertisements, and brand-name products.

20. The new generation of music added to the rift between parents and youth. Musicians like the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and Janis Joplin used lyrics to describe the fears and hopes of the new generation. The master of the electrically amplified guitar, Jimi Hendrix, gained stardom after returning to the United States from Great Britain.

21. How did the counterculture affect American culture? • (Mainstream America adopted some of their ideas. The fashion world looked to the counterculture to create new fashions with more color and comfort. As the initial shock of the counterculture waned, what was once clothing of defiance became mainstream. During the 1960s, the distinction between traditional art and popular art, or pop art, ended. Pop art took its subject matter from popular culture, using photographs, comics, advertisements, and brand-name products. Long hair caused many schools to debate over the acceptable length. Eventually, longer hair became generally accepted. The new generation of music added to the rift between parents and youth. Rock musicians used lyrics to describe the fears and hopes of the new generation. Rock 'n' roll music was eventually absorbed into the mainstream. A new style of dancing emerged from rock 'n' roll, in which people danced without partners to stress their individuality.)

22. section 2 The Feminist Movement, • Objectives: • 1. Describe the workplace concerns that fueled the growth of the women's movement. • 2. Identify major achievements of the women's movement.

23. Did You Know? By the early 1970s, many women refused to adopt their husbands' last names when they married. Many women used the term "Ms." in place of "Mrs." or "Miss" to show that a woman's marital status was irrelevant.

24. A Weakened Women's Movement • A new feminist movement began in the 1960s. Feminism, the belief that men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially, began as early as the 1920s. • With the onset of World War II, women joined the nation's workforce as many men went off to fight the war. When the soldiers returned after the war, many women lost their jobs.

25. Women gradually returned to the labor market, and by 1960 made up almost 40 percent of the nation's workforce. • What were the two groups of the women's movement? • (The League of Women Voters promoted laws to protect women and children. The National Woman's Party opposed protective laws because they thought the laws reinforced workplace discrimination.)

27. The Women's Movement Reawakens • By the early 1960s, women became increasingly resentful of old stereotypes. As more women entered the workforce, the protest for equality increased.

29. The women's movement was brought back to life by a mass protest of women and a government initiative called the President's Commission on the Status of Women. The group, headed by Eleanor Roosevelt, urged President Kennedy to study the status of women.

30. ` • In 1963 the Equal Pay Act was passed. It outlawed paying men more than women for the same job. • Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act outlawed job discrimination. It became the legal basis for advances by the women's movement.

31. The federal agency charged with administering the new law was the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

32. In 1963 Betty Friedan'sThe Feminine Mystique stirred up women all across the country. For the book, Friedan traveled around the country interviewing women who had graduated with her from Smith College in 1942. Friedan found that while women reported that they had everything they could want, they still felt unfulfilled. The book became a bestseller.

33. In June 1966, Betty Friedan felt it was time for a national women's organization to promote women into mainstream America. The group was named the National Organization for Women (NOW). It responded to many issues facing women. It demanded greater educational opportunities for women and denounced the exclusion of women from certain professions and political positions.

34. What did the President's Commission on the Status of Women find? • (The commission's report highlighted problems of women in the workplace and helped to create feminist networks who lobbied Congress on behalf of women.)

35. Successes and Failures • The women's movement experienced many successes and failures as it fought for women's rights. • An important success was greater equality for women in the educational system. Lawmakers enacted federal legislation banning sex discrimination in education. In 1972 Congress passed the Educational Amendments. One of the sections, Title IX, prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against girls in nearly all aspects of their operations, from admissions to athletics.

36. Implementation of Title IX was slow at many schools and women still had to struggle for equality. • By the late 1960s, some states began adopting liberal abortion laws regarding a woman's mental health or in the case of rape or incest. The biggest change came with the 1973 Supreme Court decision Roev.Wade. The Supreme Court ruled that state governments could no longer regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy, a time within a woman's constitutional right to privacy. This gave rise to the right-to-life movement, whose members considered abortion morally wrong.

37. In 1972 Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which protected against discrimination based on gender. In order for it to become part of the Constitution, 38 states had to ratify it.

38. Opposition to the ERA amendment began to grow as many saw the act as a threat to traditional rights, such as the right to alimony. Phyllis Schlafly, one of the most vocal critics of the amendment, organized a national Stop-ERA campaign. The amendment failed to be ratified by 38 states and finally died in 1982.

39. What were some successes and failures of the women's movement? • (In 1972 Congress passed the Educational Amendments. One of the sections, Title IX, prohibited federally funded schools from discriminating against girls in nearly all aspects of their operations, from admissions to athletics. Implementation of Title IX was slow at many schools and women still had to struggle for equality.

40. By the late 1960s, some states began adopting liberal abortion laws regarding a woman's mental health or in the case of rape or incest. In 1973 the Supreme Court decisionRoev.Waderuled that state governments could no longer regulate abortion during the first three months of pregnancy. This gave rise to the right-to-life movement, whose members considered abortion morally wrong.

41. In 1972 Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment, which protected against discrimination based on gender. Opposition to the ERA amendment grew as many saw the act as a threat to traditional rights. Phyllis Schlafly organized a national Stop- ERA campaign. The amendment failed to be ratified by 38 states and finally died in 1982.)

43. New Approaches to Civil Rights • Objectives: • 1. Describe the goal of affirmative action policies. • 2. Analyze the rise of Hispanic and Native American protests.

44. Did You Know? When Hispanic civil rights worker, César Chávez was a teenager, he went to see a movie, but found out that the theater was segregated. Whites sat on one side of the aisle, while Mexicans had to sit on the other side. Chávez sat down in the whites-only section where he was later arrested by the local police.

45. Fighting for Greater Opportunity • During the 1960s and early 1970s, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans organized to improve their position within society.

46. African American leaders looked to affirmative action to gain good jobs and adequate housing. This initiative, enforced through executive orders and federal policies, called for companies and institutions doing business with the federal government to actively recruit African American employees to help improve their social and economic status. It was later expanded to include other minority groups and women.

47. Critics of affirmative action described it as reverse discrimination. In 1974 Allan Bakke, a white applicant, was turned down a second time for admission to the University of California Medical School. He learned there had been slots set aside for minorities.

48. Bakke sued the school, arguing that by admitting minority students, some of whom had scored lower than Bakke, the school had discriminated against him. In 1978, in University of California Regents v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that the university had violated Bakke's rights. It also ruled that schools could use racial criteria as part of their admissions process, but not fixed quotas.

49. In the early 1970s, there was a push for educational improvements for African American students. Inequality was apparent as schools in white neighborhoods had better supplies, facilities, and teachers. To desegregate schools, local governments implemented a policy known as busing, where children were transported to schools outside their neighborhoods to gain racial balance. In Boston, some 20,000 white students left the public school system for parochial and private schools. This "white flight" occurred in other cities as well.

50. Jesse Jackson, an activist during the civil rights movement, continued to work to strengthen the economic and political power of African Americans. In 1971 Jackson founded the People United to Save Humanity, or PUSH, to register voters, develop African American businesses, and increase educational opportunities.