Emergence of Civilization

1. Emergence of Civilization World History Chapter One

2. Definitions • History – a record of events since people first developed writing 5000 years ago • Prehistory – long period of time before people kept written records • Civilization – highly organized society with complex institutions and attitudes that link a large number of people together • Anthropologists – scientists who study skeletal remains of early human like creatures and people to determine how they looked, how long they lived, and other physical characteristics

3. Definitions Part 2 • Archaeologists – scientists who excavate ancient settlements and study artifacts • Artifacts – human made material objects such as tools, weapons, or coins • Culture – what a human group acquires through living together and includes language, knowledge, skills, art, literature, law, and life styles • Radiocarbon dating – a technique that allows the age of organic matter to be identified by measuring the rate of decay

4. Definitions Part 3 • Paleolithic Age – aka the Old Stone Age, when human like creatures first appeared • Most artifacts that survived were stone • Neolithic Age – came after Paleolithic age • Ethiopia 1974 – female skeleton dated 3.7million years old (an Australopithecines named ‘Lucy’) • Tanzania 1978 – Found a female skeleton dated 1.8 million years old in Olduvai Gorge

5. “Lucy”

6. Early human characteristics • Had strong jaws, receding chins, low foreheads, heavy eye ridges • Ate veggies, seeds, fruits, nuts, plants • Hunted small animals • Began using tools and migrated to find food

7. Paleolithic Age • Universe is approx 15 billion years old and started with tremendous explosion • Man begins in the Paleolithic Age (3 mill years ago to 10,000 years ago) • Birthplace of humanity: East Africa • First humans were nomadic, hunters, gatherers • Grouped up; formed labor divisions; social bonds; made weapons; judged weather patterns • The weak died off and the strong genes survived • Developed language, tools, fire, religious beliefs, had witch doctors(specialists that communicated with the gods)

9. Neanderthals • Appeared 30, 000 to 100, 000 years ago in Germany • Powerful, huge heads, protruding foreheads, no chins • Buried their dead in mounds • Painted, collected flowers, had weapons • Women used utensils • Were 4-5 ft in height

10. Neanderthal hunters Burying the dead

11. Cro-Magnon • Appeared in Europe about the same time the Neanderthals disappeared • From Africa or Asia • Had better tools and weapons (spears) • Painted animals • Lived in caves • Died out at the end of the Stone Age

12. Cro-Magnonskull Humanskull Cro-Magnonman

13. Average height of early humans

14. Neolithic Age • Began 10,000 years ago with end of Paleolithic Ageand with discovery of farming • Neolithic Revolution began in the hilly regions of Iran and Iraq • 1st domesticated animal = dog • 1st farm animals to be domesticated = sheep & goats

15. Remains from Neolithic Age

16. Farming • Results of farming • Permanent settlements • Grew barley and wheat • Began to trade salt and iron ore • Commerce began because of food surplus • Private property emerged • Farming villages led to ruling elite (government) • Made baskets and tools to help with farming

17. Farming in the old days

18. Neolithic Settlements • Oldest Neolithic settlements began around 8000 B.C. • Three major ones: • CatalHujuk • Jarmo in Iraq • Jericho in Israel • Jericho: had 2,000 people; public works; huge walls made of mud brick; highly developed government; advanced in technology; had the wheel, pottery, good soil, wooden plow

20. Jericho

21. End of Neolithic Age • Neolithic Age ended with discovery of metal • Copper was first • Combined copper and tin = bronze • Bronze = more durable and sharper cutting edge • Bronze Age begins

22. Religion and Civilizations • Religion during the Neolithic Age was polytheistic (many gods) • Alters were erected by wealthy priests • Civilizations (large urban settlements with a varied social structure, large number of people, highly organized government, and complex religions) began 5,000 years ago in the Middle East

23. Neolithic Religious Altar

24. First Civilizations • Two major civilizations in Middle East: • Mesopotamia (Greek meaning “land between two rivers” – the Tigris and Euphrates) in Iraq • Egypt area (around the Nile River) • Reason for success: geography • River valleys flooded (fertile soil) • Drained swamps, built canals and dykes for irrigation • Learned rules, math skills, engineering, and record keeping

26. Sumer • First people in Mesopotamia were Sumerians • Migrated to Sumer around 5000 B.C. • Developed city-states (Ur, Lagash, Babylon) • Developed cuneiform (wedge-shaped pictures and symbols they used for writing by punching holes in clay tablets) • Built houses, palaces, temples, and schools • Invented medicines, lunar calendar, epic poems

27. Ancient cuneiform

28. Ancient cuneiform

29. Sumer continued… • Invaded in 2350 B.C. by Semites from Arabia led by Sargon the Great • Used Sumer as a base • Semites conquered territory from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea • Semites collapsed around 2200 B.C. and the Ammonites invaded (destroyed everything) • 200 years of chaos followed then Hammurabi made Babylon powerful (Hammurabi’s code – first written law code) • Sumerian language and nationality disappeared but culture and legal forms lived on

30. END OF CHAPTER 1!!!