The Civil War and Reconstruction

1. The Civil War and Reconstruction

2. USI.37 On a map of North America, identify Union and Confederate States at the outbreak of the war.

3. USI.38 Analyze Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, the Emancipation Proclamation (1863), his views on slavery, and the political obstacles he encountered. (H, C)

4. Abraham Lincoln • “A House divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” – Lincoln, 1858 • Speech delivered by Lincoln during Senate run • Lincoln believed that the issue of slavery which divided the nation would lead to its downfall or division.

5. The election of Abraham Lincoln (1860) • Three Candidates • Abraham Lincoln – Northern Republican • Stephen Douglas – Northern Democrat • J.C. Beckinridge – Southern Democrat • Lincoln wins Republican ticket because of moderate views • Promised South that the government would not directly or indirectly interfere with slaves or about slavery. • Lincoln wins clear majority

8. Election results • Election results angered south • Lincoln had majority, but carried NO southern states • Sectional support (wasn’t even on some of the southern ballots) • Population of the North larger than the South as well • Southern states believed they lost their political voice in the government

9. Breaking the Union • Makes south believe their voice in the government no longer heard • Dec 1860, South Carolina announces decision to secede. • Lincoln inaugurated January 1861. • February 1861, Confederacy (Confederate States of America) is formed. • Jefferson Davis elected president of the Confederacy

10. First shots • In February 1861, two southern forts still held by the Union • Ft. Sumter considered most important. • Day after inauguration, fort was told to surrender to the Confederacy. • Lincoln’s problem • If he ordered the Navy to the fort, he would be the first to start hostilities. • If he ordered an evacuation, then he was recognizing the Confederacy as a true nation.

11. Clever strategy • Lincoln does not abandon or enforce the fort • Sent in “food for hungry soldiers” instead • Places the “ball in Davis’ court” • Davis decides to abandon peaceful secession for war • April 12, 1861 – Confederacy starts firing on Fort Sumter. • Fort Sumter falls to the Confederacy

12. Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln’s stance • Lincoln disliked slavery • Did not think the government had the power to abolish it • Felt his only goal was to save the Union • Wartime advantage • Lincoln used constitutional war powers • Slaves used for growing food and building fortifications • Slaves were “enemy resources” • Enemy resources would be seized during times of war • He could authorize army to free slaves, thereby removing enemy resources

13. Emancipation Proclamation • January 1, 1863 • Did not free slaves immediately • Only applied to areas behind Confederate Lines • Did no apply to states that didn’t secede • Did not apply to states already under union control • Allowed free blacks to enlist • Most union soldiers didn’t care about slavery, wanted war to end • Confederates were angry • Proclamation stopped all chance of compromise • If South lost, slaveholding society would end • North could only completely defeat Confederacy (South)

14. USI.39 Analyze the roles and policies of various Civil War leaders and describe the important Civil War battles and events. (H) • Leaders • Jefferson Davis • Ulysses S. Grant • Robert E. Lee • Battles • the Massachusetts 54th Regiment and the Battle at Fort Wagner • Antietam • Vicksburg • Gettysburg

15. Leaders • Jefferson Davis • President of the Confederate States • Served in the Army and Senate. Resigned when Miss. Seceded. • Had military skills, not political. Did not have close ties to state leaders, led to fracturing welfare within Confederacy (states instead of whole) • Ulysses S. Grant • Strong, decisive military leader – UNION GENERAL • “Unconditional Surrender” Grant • Took risks that some would not, made serious significant advances and victories (Shiloh)

16. Robert E. Lee – Confederate General • Served with US. Marines at Harper’s Ferry, VA (Capture of John Brown) • Had opposed secession, but supported native home of Virginia and joined the Confederacy when Virginia seceded. • Took command of the Confederate Army after General Johnston was wounded in battle. • Believed in stepping outside “textbook” tactics and usual methodology of war • Was a modest leader, did not seek glory or recognition

17. BATTLES • 1st Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas) • First major battle of the Civil War • Union believed it would be a quick and easy victory • Most believed the war would be over fairly rapidly, Confederates weren’t considered major threat on battlefield • Overconfidence left Union vulnerable, Confederates win rapidly. • Puts Confederates now as a serious threat.

18. the Massachusetts 54th Regiment and the Battle at Fort Wagner • Massachusetts 54th Regiment • One of the first free black volunteer regiments of the Union. • Commanded by Robert G. Shaw of Boston • The regiment gained recognition on July 18, 1863, when it led the assault on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. Shaw and 29 other soldiers were killed in the initial assault. • Fort Wagner helps push more enlistment of free blacks into the war.

19. Antietam • September 17, 1862 -Bloodiest battle of American History: more than 26,000 in a day dead. • General Lee encouraged by victory at Second Bull Run and convinces Confederate leaders to make a push for Washington. • Stroke of luck, General McClellan’s scout finds a copy of Confederate orders in a field, reveals that Lee and Stonewall Jackson’s armies were not together, puts Union numbers at an advantage. • At first looks like McClellan was winning, but reinforcements for Confederates arrive. Antietam ends in a draw with Lee retreating. • McClellan could have followed Lee and attacked weakened Confederates and ended war, but didn’t. • Lincoln fires McClellan for being “slow”, hires Grant.

20. Vicksburg • Impregnable (unconquerable) fortress • Siege warfare, after two assaults without success. • Forced Confederates to point of starvation, eating dogs and donkeys • July 3, 1863- Vicksburg falls to Grant. • 5 days later, lead to more victories that cut the Confederacy in half.

21. Gettysburg • Accidental battle • Confederate soldiers looking for shoes hears about Gettysburg supply, encounter a couple of Union brigades run by General Buford • Union takes defensive positions on the hills surrounding the Confederates • Shooting attracts more soldiers, and both sides send for backup • Battle lasted three long days • At the end, the Union line never broke, and Lee led his army away in a retreat during a rainstorm. • 90,000 Union/75,000 Confederates • Battle lasted three long days • 30% casualties on both sides: 23,000 U/28,000 C • Turning point of war, Confederacy never recovered from Gettysburg and Vicksburg loss the next day.

22. Gettysburg Address • November 1863, ceremony dedicating cemetery to dead of Gettysburg Battle. • Lincoln delivered two minute speech, regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American History. • Election of 1864 • Lincoln fearful over possibly loosing reelection • Opposition against length of war, high casualties and recent losses, nominate McClellan who was delighted after being fired by Lincoln • In August, General Sherman wins critical southern cities that boosts Lincoln’s run, plus Union absentee votes sent in.

23. Appomattox • March 1865, Grant and Sheridan approaching Richmond (Confederacy Capital) • April 2nd, Davis and his government abandon the capital • Lee and Grant meet April 9th, 1865 to arrange a Confederate surrender. • Lee’s soldiers were paroled, sent home with personal possessions, horses, and three days’ rations. • Officers were allowed to keep weapons. • Within two months, all resistance collapses

24. Lincoln Assassination • April 14th – Lincoln attends theater production of “Our American Cousin” with his wife and two friends • John Wilkes Booth – Confederate sympathizer- sneaks into unguarded presidential box and shoots Lincoln behind the ear. • Leaps from box, shouting “Sic Semper Tyrannis”-Thus be it ever to tyrants • Breaks leg, escapes. Twelve days later, trapped in a barn that was set on fire. When refused to surrender, shot. • Others thought to have helped in his escape are found and put to trial • Mary Surratt, first woman executed for treason, conspiracy to assassinate president. Many think she did not know what Booth had planned • Lincoln lingers overnight, but dies at 7:22am the following morning. • First President of the United States assassinated.

26. USI.40 Provide examples of the various effects of the Civil War. (H, E) • physical and economic destruction • the increased role of the federal government • the greatest loss of life on a per capita basis of any U.S. war before or since

27. War Casualties of the US- All major wars

28. USI.41 Explain the policies and consequences of Reconstruction. (H, C) • Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction • the impeachment of President Johnson • the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments • the opposition of Southern whites to Reconstruction • the accomplishments and failures of Radical Reconstruction • the presidential election of 1876 and the end of Reconstruction • the rise of Jim Crow laws • the Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

29. Reconstruction • Period from 1865-1877 • Rebuilding the country after the destruction of the Civil War

30. the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments • 13th Amendment • Abolition (Outlawing of Slavery) of Slavery • 14th Amendment • Equality Amendment • “all persons born or naturalized”-citizens • All citizens have equal rights under the law • 15th Amendment • Voting Rights • Voting rights cannot be denied to anyone based on race, color or previous condition of servitude”

31. the rise of Jim Crow laws • laws passed to prevent blacks from voting • poll tax • tax to pay every year to qualify to vote • most blacks and some whites were too poor, so no vote • grandfather clause • had to pass a literacy test to vote • if you failed the test or were too poor for the tax, you could fall under grandfather clause • if he, father or grandfather were eligible to vote before 1867, they could vote. • Could not qualify for free slaves, as they didn’t have the right to vote before that

32. Segregation laws • Separate facilities for whites and blacks • With loss of voting rights, more laws passed limiting black advancement • the Supreme Court case, Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • “Separate but Equal” • Segregation was legal and not breaking with the 14th Amendment as long as the accommodations for both were equal in quality.

33. Sounds of the Civil War • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nRJB036ev2Q (When Johnny Comes Marching Home) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3me6ifiaNY ( I wish I was in Dixie) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3W_c1ATTF0 (Battle Hymn of the Republic) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhCheCryopA (Battle Cry of Freedom)