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Shappell 1997

Spatial Disorientation. Shappell 1997. The SD Problem. USAF Class A Mishaps--1980-1989 (AFISC DATA). Total Ops SD LSA* SD/LSA Mishaps 633 356 81 263 270 Fatalities 795 515 115 425 437

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Shappell 1997

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  1. SpatialDisorientation Shappell 1997

  2. The SD Problem USAF Class A Mishaps--1980-1989 (AFISC DATA) Total Ops SD LSA*SD/LSA Mishaps 633 356 81 263 270 Fatalities 795 515 115 425 437 $Cost $4,452M $2,558M $539M $2,012M $2,054M *Loss of Situational Awareness

  3. Spatial Disorientation • The SD mishap rate (per 100,000 hrs) has remained unchanged for 2 decades!! • One of the most serious aeromedical problems facing the USAF

  4. Spatial Disorientation Factors • Distraction Factor • Time Factor • Illusion Factor

  5. Distraction Factor • Many sources of distraction • Some tasks are less critical • Priorities will change

  6. RED GREENBLUE GREENBLUERED BLUEREDGREEN BLUEGREENRED GREENBLUEGREEN REDBLUERED BLUEREDBLUE BLUEGREENRED REDGREENBLUE

  7. REDGREENBLUE GREENBLUERED BLUEREDGREEN BLUEGREENRED GREENBLUEGREEN REDBLUERED BLUEREDBLUE BLUEGREENRED REDGREENBLUE

  8. Time Factor • Distraction must take time • Usually 15-90 seconds • Seems less...Temporal Distortion

  9. Illusion Factor • Visual Illusions • What our eyes say about the world • Vestibular Illusions • What our inner ear says about the world

  10. Disorientation =Distraction x Time + Illusion

  11. THE VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

  12. HAIR CELLS The Tiny Accelerometer

  13. Acceleration versus Velocity Otolith Organs (Macula)

  14. Acceleration versus Velocity Semi-circular Canals

  15. Vision Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Proprioceptive BUILDING THE PERFECT ORIENTATION DEVICE Components of the Vestibular System

  16. Vision Cortical Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Proprioceptive DON’T FORGET THE “COCONUT” INPUT

  17. Vision Cortical Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Proprioceptive Vomiting Center When Components Disagree...

  18. ALCOHOL AND THE VESTIBULAR SYSTEM: AN EXAMPLE OF SENSORY MISMATCH Vision Vision Cortical Cortical Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Auditory Proprioceptive Proprioceptive Puke, spew, up-chuck, blow chunks,ralph, ...

  19. Vision Vision Vision Cortical Cortical Cortical Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Apparatus Vestibular Apparatus VESTIBULAR SYSTEM Auditory Auditory Auditory Proprioceptive Proprioceptive Proprioceptive SO WHAT CAN WE DO?

  20. Type I SD • Commonly called “Misorientation” • Unrecognized • Distraction may not be strong • Distraction lasts relatively long time (But it won’t seem long due to Temporal Distortion)

  21. Type II SD • Pilot recognizes a conflict... • Example: Vertigo • May start with a small distraction

  22. Type III SD • Overwhelming-Incapacitating • “Rare” • Result of “Primitive Protective Reflex” • Knowledge is the key • Try using fingertips • Trust instruments

  23. The SD Problem • Type • I Unrecognized >50% of SD mishaps • II Recognized <50% • III Incapacitating FEW • Source • Visual about 50% • Vestibular/other about 50%

  24. SD can happen... • TO WHO? • To anyone • To YOU! • WHEN? • During all phases of flight • Day or night • Good wx or bad

  25. Prevention • Experience • Currency and Proficiency • Fatigue • Internal distractions • Preflight Planing

  26. Treatment for SD • Admit you have SD • Tell someone • Believe instruments • Let someone else fly • Crosscheck • Bailout, if able

  27. If visual cues are not available, the body naturally transitions to vestibular balance.

  28. QUESTIONS? Shappell 1997

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