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Early Earth Phylogenies: Urey and Miller's Surprising Discoveries

Explore the groundbreaking experiments of Urey and Miller, revealing the abundance of organic molecules on early Earth. Learn about the connection between classification and phylogeny, and discover the key events in the origin of life and the patterns of evolutionary changes.

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Early Earth Phylogenies: Urey and Miller's Surprising Discoveries

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  1. Chapter 16 Early Earth Constructing and using phylogenies

  2. Urey and Miller • Vials associated with the original, published experiment contained far more organic molecules than Stanley Miller realized -- 14 amino acids and five amines. The 11 vials scientists recovered from the unpublished aspirator experiment, however, produced 22 amino acids and the same five amines at yields comparable to the original experiment. (Indiana University, University of Mexico Carnegie Institution of Washington, and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center astrobiologists )

  3. Deep Sea Vent Theory • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/earth/deep-sea-vents.html

  4. Mass extinction interview • https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/how-a-single-asteroid-wiped-dinosaurs-off-this-planet/33665

  5. How can a species die out? • https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/the-surprising-culprit-threatening-yellowstones-grizzly-bears/33666?auto=true

  6. RNA -Ribozyme

  7. Classification- Two approaches 1) Linnean system of groups 2) Phylogenic Trees/Cladistics

  8. #1 – Linneaus and taxa Taxa – group names that we create to classify organisms domain  kingdom  phylum  class  order  family  genus  species Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools Early systems primarily based on structural analysis(anatomy – dissections by surgeons)

  9. Building phylogentictrees • Connection between classification & phylogeny Example:Tracing possible evolutionary relationships between some of the taxa of the order Carnivora, a branch of the class Mammalia.

  10. Cladistics • Depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa (groups) • Organisms at base of cladogram share ancestral traits of others (primitive character) • Organisms further up cladogram have additional derived traits • (present in an organism but not in the previous common ancestor)

  11. Cladistics Notice the colored rectangles, this is when a trait appeared, so all organisms after this point have this specific trait.

  12. You are done!! Stop here. • Now you are doing the lab

  13. Examples

  14. Take this on the yellow packet. Tree terminologyknow the difference between mono, para and poly phyletic

  15. the lung / lung derivative clade Cladistics the mammal clade the amniote clade the jaw clade the tetrapod clade lamprey shark tuna salamander turtle dog common amnioteancestor outgroup – representative with no further derived traits in cladogram, but fundamental similarities to others common ancestor with 4 legs evolution of amniotic egg evolution of tetrapody (4 legs) common ancestor with an air sac common ancestor with a jaw evolution of air sac (swim bladder) evolution of jaws common ancestor to all these animals evolution of mammary glands connection to other organisms on tree

  16. One last misconception chimpanzees humans common ancestor the rest of the primates, mammals, vertebrates, and all other life really “Humans evolved from chimpanzees” No, they are both modern species … BOTH evolved to their modern forms from a common ancestor more recent in history than other species

  17. Cladistics • Homoplasy: a shared character trait that was not been inherited from a common ancestor • Results from convergent evolution • Results from evolutionary reversal

  18. Writing AP Biology Free Response Essays • 1. READ THE QUESTION • 2. OUTLINE the answer • 3. Define your terms • Underline your key terms • 4. Answer each subject/point in detail! • 5. GET TO THE POINT! • Background information is not necessary unless instructed to

  19. REVIEW FROM LAST CLASS 1) SPECIAL CREATION, 2) EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL ORIGIN, 3) SPONTANEOUS ABIOTIC ORIGIN 1) ORIGIN OF CELL (PROTOBIONTS), 2)ORIGIN OF GENETICS, 3) ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES MUTUAL BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIP! What are the three hypothesis in regards to the origin of life? What were the key events in the origin of life? How did endosymbiosis affect the origin of life of eukaryotes?

  20. REVIEW FROM LAST CLASS AGE AND MORPHOLOGIES (APPEARANCES) OF FOSSILES SHOW PATTERS OF CHANGES THAT HAVE OCCURRED BETWEEN SPECIES (RELATIONSHIP!) GRADUALISM AND PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM GRADUALISM – organisms evolve through a slow and constant change PUNCTUATED– species evolve very rapidly How are fossils beneficial in evolution? What are the two major hypotheses on how evolution takes place? How are they different from each other?

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