jcatchings
Uploaded by
65 SLIDES
686 VUES
650LIKES

Comprehensive Guide to Immune Disorders: Care and Nursing

DESCRIPTION

Explore hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disorders, and immune deficiencies. Learn about anaphylaxis, transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, and more. Understand symptoms, treatments, and nursing care for optimal patient management.

1 / 65

Télécharger la présentation

Comprehensive Guide to Immune Disorders: Care and Nursing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 19 Nursing Care of Patients with Immune Disorders

  2. Disorders ofthe Immune System • Three Categories • Hypersensitivity Reactions • Autoimmune Disorders • Immune Deficiencies

  3. Disorders of the Immune System (cont’d) • Hypersensitivity Reactions • Anaphylaxis • Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions • Measles • Transplant Rejections

  4. Disorders of the Immune System (cont’d) • Autoimmune Disorders • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Ulcerative Colitis • Multiple Sclerosis

  5. Disorders of the Immune System (cont’d) • Immune Deficiencies • Hypogammaglobulinemia • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

  6. Hypersensitivity Reactions • Injury to Body Due to Exaggerated Response • Classified by Way Tissue is Injured • Type I, II, III, IV

  7. Type I • Anaphylactic Reaction • Immediately • Mild to Severe, Life-threatening

  8. Type I (cont’d)

  9. Allergic Rhinitis • Most Common Form of Allergy • Sneezing, Nasal Itching, Runny Nose, Itchy Red Eyes

  10. Atopic Dermatitis • Eczema • Inflammatory Skin Response • Pruritus, Edema, Extremely Dry Skin, Blisters, Crusts, Scales

  11. Anaphylaxis • Severe Systemic Hypersensitivity Reaction • Widespread Histamine Release • Bronchial Narrowing: Stridor, Wheezing, Respiratory Arrest • Hypotension, Tachycardia, Cardiac Arrest

  12. Anaphylaxis (cont’d) • Immediate Treatment Guided by Symptoms • Oxygen • Epinephrine • Antihistamines • Corticosteroids • Vasopressors • Mechanical Ventilation

  13. Anaphylaxis (cont’d) • Nursing Care • Early Recognition • Maintain Airway • Emotional Support • Education

  14. Urticaria(Hives) • Release of Histamine • Raised, Pruritic, Non-tender, Erythematous Wheals on Skin

  15. Urticaria(Hives)(cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions • Epinephrine • Corticosteroids • Antihistamines • Histamine H2 Blockers

  16. Angioedema • Form of Urticaria • Affects Submucosal/Subcutaneous Tissue Rather Than Skin • Painless, Dermal Erythematous/ Subcutaneous Eruptions, Skin/Mucous Membrane Edema

  17. Type I Nursing Diagnoses • Impaired Gas Exchange • Anxiety • Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity • Ineffective Health Maintenance

  18. Type I Nursing Care • Monitor Respiratory Status • Monitor Level of Consciousness • Stay with Patient • Provide Information • Note and Document Skin and Lesions • Teach Rubbing or Pressure, Not Scratching

  19. Type I Nursing Care (cont’d) • Teach Patient to Wear Medical Alert Identification • Discuss Methods of Avoiding Allergen

  20. Type II • Destruction of Substance with Antigen • May Be Beneficial (Bacteria) • Not Beneficial When RBC Sensed as Foreign

  21. Type II (cont’d)

  22. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction • RBCs with Foreign Antigens Rapidly Lysed • Occludes Blood Vessels • Ischemia, Necrosis • Life-threatening

  23. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (cont’d) • Prevention is Key! • Rhogam: Rho (D) Negative Patients • Careful Blood Transfusion Administration

  24. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions • Antihistamines • Corticosteroids • Sympathomimetics

  25. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (cont’d) • Nursing Diagnoses • Hyperthermia • Ineffective Tissue Perfusion • Impaired Gas Exchange • Ineffective Breathing Pattern

  26. Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (cont’d) • Nursing Care • Prevention • Careful Transfusion Monitoring • If Reaction, Stop Blood, Follow Policy • Education

  27. Type III • Immune Complexes Formed by Antigens and Antibodies • Antigen-antibody Complexes Within Blood Vessels • Enzymes Lead to Blood Vessel Damage • Red Edematous Lesion, Bleeding, Necrosis

  28. Type III (cont’d)

  29. Serum Sickness • Antigen-antibody Complexes Cause Symptoms of Inflammation • 7 to 10 Days After Penicillin/Sulfonamide • Severe Urticaria and Angioedema • Brief and Self-limiting Condition

  30. Serum Sickness (cont’d) • Nursing Diagnoses • Anxiety/Fear • Pain • Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume • Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity

  31. Serum Sickness (cont’d) • Nursing Care • Monitor Symptoms • Evaluation Medication Effects • Education

  32. Type IV • Delayed Reaction • Sensitized T Lymphocyte Contacts Antigen • Cell-mediated Immune Response • Necrosis

  33. Type IV (cont’d)

  34. Contact Dermatitis • Chemical Comes in Contact with Skin • On Second Exposure, T Cells Secrete Chemicals • Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, Latex Rubber • Reddened, Pruritic, Fragile Vesicles

  35. Contact Dermatitis (cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions • Antihistamines, Topical Drying Agents, Corticosteroids • Tepid Baking Soda Baths or Aveeno Baths • Wash with Brown Soap (Fels-naptha) • Avoid Scratching Skin

  36. Transplant Rejection • Transplanted Living Tissue Sensed as Foreign • Lymphocytes Sensitized Immediately • Invade Transplanted Tissue and Destroy it • Failure of Organ or Tissue • Infection Can Result in Death

  37. Transplant Rejection (cont’d) • Prevention • ImmunosuppressionTherapy

  38. Autoimmune Disorders • Immune System Recognizes Body’s Own Cells as Foreign • Immune Response Destroys Cells

  39. Pernicious Anemia • Antibodies Against Gastric Parietal Cells and Intrinsic Factor • Vitamin B12 Deficiency • RBC Production Decreased • Also Caused by Gastric or Small Bowel Resections

  40. Pernicious Anemia (cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions • Corticosteroids • Lifelong Vitamin B12

  41. Idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia • Autoantibodies Attach to RBCs • Lyse or Agglutinate

  42. Idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (cont’d) • Signs and Symptoms • Mild Fatigue • Pallor • Hypotension • Dyspnea • Jaundice

  43. Idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions • Immunosuppressive Medications • Oxygen • Corticosteroids • Folic Acid • Transfusion

  44. Idiopathic Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia (cont’d) • Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) • Erythrocytapheresis • Splenectomy

  45. Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis • Autoantibodies for Thyroid-stimulating Hormone, Thyroid Gland Overstimulation • Then Autoantibodies Destroy Thyroid, Hypothyroidism • Lifelong Thyroxine

  46. Lupus Erythematosus • Three Types • Discoid (DLE) • Skin Lesions • Drug-induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • After Certain Medication Use • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus • Chronic, Inflammatory, Multisystem Disorder

  47. Lupus Erythematosus (cont’d) • Etiology • Young Women of Child-bearing Years • First-degree Relatives of Lupus Patients • African American/Hispanic Population More Frequently

  48. Lupus Erythematosus Signs and Symptoms • Discoid • Patchy, Crusty, Sharply Defined Skin Plaques • Occur on Face/Sun-exposed Areas

  49. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Signs and Symptoms • Drug-Induced • Pleuropericardial Inflammation • Fever • Rash • Arthritis

  50. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Signs and Symptoms (cont’d) • Early Symptoms Vague: Fatigue, Fever • Dermatologic: Butterfly Rash, Bruising Photosensitivity, Alopecia, Pain, Pruritis • Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia, Arthritis

More Related