The Pursuit of Justice

1. The Pursuit of Justice

2. This Unit You Will • Create a working definition of Justice • Examine the difference between justice and revenge • Examine how humanity has worked toward justice • Examine the concept of Human Rights – UNDHR/CCRF • Examine genocide and its relation to justice • Examine social change in the pursuit of justice – South America • Examine South African Apartheid • Examine the Arab/Jewish conflict

3. Justice, To You

5. “Take the bastards out back and shoot them” • After the horrors of WWII, the focus shifted to what to do with the remaining Nazi’s • Options?

6. Abstract Thinking Time • What is Justice? • What is Revenge? • Should everyone be treated fairly? • Should everyone be treated equally? • Should government act for the common good? • Eye for an eye?

7. The Pursuit • Society has traditionally struggled with the notion of justice • Long evolution: • Punitive punishment for wrong doing (Hammurabi) • Codified Laws with harsh punishments (Tower of London) • Multi-Level legal systems with a range of sanctions • Closure/Restorative justice movement

8. Far From Easy • Justice is a difficult topic to reconcile • Humanity has a long track record of injustice • How do we keep advancing as a civilization?

9. Justice Graffiti Wall – Banksy Style • Using the Justice: Defined? article, extract several words related to the concept of justice. Bonus points if you assemble the words in a creative way.

10. Origins of Justice • Justice comes from the search for equality and fairness • Determined by universal values related to right and wrong • Not hindered by cultural relativism • Confucius & The Golden Rule

11. Justice • Political Justice – A political system that allows for fair representation, acts responsibly, has legitimacy and can be changed. • Legal Justice – A fair, impartial and proportional legal system where everyone is equal and treated as such. • Social Justice – A concept that accounts for fairness within social institutions

12. Nuremberg • A series of military tribunals for Nazi war criminals • Split into 2 separate trials (N1 & N2) • N1 tried the 23 highest ranking Nazi’s • Charges ranged from Crimes Against Humanity to Art Theft • “These proceedings are unique in the history of the jurisprudence of the world”

13. Nuremberg Legacy • Enhanced the importance of international law • Introduced scores of new charges that protect Human Rights • Defined Genocide • Precursor to International Criminal Court – The Hague

14. Genocide • Article II:  In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: • (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.

15. South Africa: Apartheid

17. South Africa • Economically developed state in southern Africa • Large portion of White citizens • Colonized extensively by the Dutch & English • Violence plagued – 2 Boer Wars • Multi Ethnic

18. Population Profile • Apartheid Era • 50,000,000 79% Native Black 9% Afrikaner White

19. Colonial Gongshow • Dutch/English attempts to maintain total control over territory & resources • Formal policy of segregation dating back to 1810

20. Elections of 1948 • Start of formalized Race Laws – Pillars of Apartheid • National Party wins election – Black South Africans not permitted to vote

21. Suppress & Oppress • Race laws designed to further consolidate white control • Law Purposes: • Economic control • Legal control • Lifestyle control • Residency control • Education control

22. Resistance • Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation • African National Congress • Formed in 1912 to combat injustices against Black S.A

23. Militancy • Quickly formed an armed wing – “MK” • ANC conflict – Violence vs. Non-Violence?

24. Enter Mandela • Active in ANC politics – dabbled in Communism • Lawyer by profession • Initial proponent of non-violence • Slowly became frustrated with non-violent resistance

25. Treason? • 1960 ANC outlawed • Mandela turns to the MK • Involved in bombing and guerilla campaigns • Travelled across Africa seeking support – in disguise • Reached out to Communist states • Throughout this period Mandela was arrested many times

26. Big Question • How Do You Resist Injustice? • Two Schools of Thought Violence? Non-violence?

27. Terror • Terrorism as a means of control • Neck tying • Night Raids • Arrest and interrogation

28. How are we doing? • South Africa was largely controlled by which colonizing power? • France • Belgium • The Netherlands

29. Political party formed in 1912 to fight Apartheid • WEN • ANC • PTD

30. Term used to describe white South Africans • Bantu • Afrikaners • All of the above

31. The armed wing of the ANC • MK • VG • LT

32. Mandela’s tribal name loosely translated to: • Brave one • Trouble maker • Hope giver

33. Murder of 69 South African activists took place here: • Soweto • Pretoria • Sharpville

34. Name of the political party responsible for most of the Apartheid legislation: • Afrikaan Party • Liberation Front of South Africa • National Party

35. The name of Mandela’s trial in 1962: • Charter Trial • Rivonia Trial • Robben Trial

36. The Sharpville Massacre • Crowd of 6000 ANC/PAC protestors gathered outside of a police station • Protesting the newly instituted “Pass Laws” • Police responded by opening fire • 69 people killed • Scores injured and/or arrested • *World condemns

38. Rivonia Trial - 1962 • Mandela on the lamb for 17 months • American CIA (?) locates and helps arrest • 19 ANC leaders charged with treason • Trial would eventually last over a year

39. The Charges • recruiting persons for training in the preparation and use of explosives and in guerrilla warfare for the purpose of violent revolution and committing acts of sabotage; • (b) conspiring to commit these acts and to aid foreign military units when they [hypothetically] invaded the Republic; • (c) acting in these ways to further the objects of communism; and • (d) soliciting and receiving money for these purposes from sympathizers outside South Africa.

40. The Pursuit of Justice: Racism • Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. • I Have a Dream speech – 1963 • Justice for scourge of racism around the world

41. Guilty • Despite an aggressive defense, Mandela is sentenced to life in prison at Robben Island

42. Rebellion Grows • Black Consciousness Movement – Stephen Biko • Pan Africanist Congress emerges • Violence increases • Mandela languishes in prison

43. 46664 • In prison, Mandela returns to his non-violent roots • Outside, violence reigned • Students led the charge – uprisings were common • By the 1970’s, South Africa was facing a civil war

44. Soweto Uprising • 1976 – Soweto Township • Thousands of Student Activists take to the streets in a massive protest • The police, once again, respond with violence • 29 killed – likely much more • Death of Hector Pieterson – 13 – became the symbol of the massacre

45. UK Newspaper Ad

46. Free Mandela

47. White Reform – 1980s • P.W Botha – President – Began formal process of repealing many race laws - limited • Western countries urged a slow repeal • Mandela’s lore grows during his imprisonment – his writings become an integral part of the resistance movement

48. F.W de Klerk & Desmond Tutu • Successor of Botha – Education Minister • Grew from staunch conservatism to leader in progressive reform

50. Could the scars of Apartheid be healed?