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Pre-Columbian America

Explore the vibrant and diverse societies of Pre-Columbian America, from the early migrations to the establishment of agricultural communities and complex social structures. Discover the impact of the Columbian Exchange and the lasting effects on Native American cultures. Delve into the rich history of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus.

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Pre-Columbian America

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  1. Pre-Columbian America

  2. Pre-Columbian America How many people inhabited the Americas by the time of Columbus’s voyages in the late 15th century?

  3. Pre-Columbian America • 15th century brought dramatic shift in commercial structures. • A new avenue of trade • A profound change began • Columbian Exchange altered… • Atlantic World brought huge benefits, but a tremendous cost…

  4. Pre-Columbian time period. • First Americans came from Asia • Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age • Following a food source • Gradual migration

  5. Early Human Migrations • 1st Migration, 38,000-1800 BCE • 2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE • 3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

  6. Culture area CULTURE AREAS OF NATIVE AMERICANS

  7. Early Native American Societies • Not a single group, but quite diverse • 50-90 million people lived in Americas • Spread throughout the hemisphere • Began farming cir. 9,000 years ago • Main crops… • Absence of livestock…

  8. Early Native American Societies • Geography • Great geographical diversity… • Made farming impossible in some areas • Long distance between arable areas made contact between groups difficult

  9. Early Native American Societies • Two main areas of agriculture • Mesoamerica- Mexico and Central America • Andean Mountain region – along the west coast of S. America • Economics • Primarily agricultural or hunter gather (depending on region)

  10. Early Native American Societies • Society/Culture • Largely hierarchical • Kinship groups important • Animistic religions • Some had cities

  11. Natives of Central/South America • Most populace areas were in Central and South America • Incas and Aztecs • Economy still largely • Though some… • Religiously

  12. Aztecs

  13. Inca

  14. Natives of North America • Unlike Aztecs and Inca to the south • But… • Also had cities such as… • Cahokia • Hopi and Zuni • Pacific Coast… • Great Plains… • But some

  15. Natives of North America • Eastern North America • Hundreds of tribes • Subsisted on • Trade • Diversity in region • Not a single unified people

  16. Natives Societies • Land use: • Communally shared, right to work/use land • No landownership in European sense (not eco commodity) • Also, unlike Europeans • Social relations: • Some distinctions in rank (with some more than others) • Generosity…inequality

  17. Discussion Question • Given what we have discussed about Native Americans, what do you think Women’s status in these societies was like? Back up your answer!

  18. Natives Societies • Social relations (cont) • Role of women: (think Hunter Gatherer societies) • Most matrilineal • Divorce possible • Had positions of political/religious significance • Even owned land and resources (tools etc)

  19. Conclusion • Natives had impressive societies that in many ways rivaled civilizations of Old World • Shift to Atlantic World brought tremendous change, often quite disruptive • Many changes and events still effect today.

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