1 / 20

Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology. A Life of Change. Research Focus . Nature vs. Nurture How do genetic inheritance (nature) and experiences (nurture) influence develop Continuity vs. Stages Is development a gradual, continuous process, or does it proceed though sequence of stages?

jean
Télécharger la présentation

Developmental Psychology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Developmental Psychology A Life of Change

  2. Research Focus • Nature vs. Nurture • How do genetic inheritance (nature) and experiences (nurture) influence develop • Continuity vs. Stages • Is development a gradual, continuous process, or does it proceed though sequence of stages? • Stability vs. Change • Do our early personality traits persist though life, or do we become different persons as we age?

  3. The Competent Newborn • Infants will gaze at objects – preferring those that have face-like features • Within days of birth, infant’s will turn toward familiar smell – mother • Around 3 weeks, infants can differentiate different sounds/voices

  4. Physical Development • Maturation (Brain Development) • Orderly sequence of biological growth • Slowed by severe deprivation or abuse • Sets the course for development, experience adjusts it • Motor Development • Genes play a major role in motor development

  5. Cognitive DevelopmentCognition – all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating • What is the earliest memory you have? • Average age of first conscious memory • 3.5 years old • How does a child’s mind develop? • “If we examine the intellectual development…the human spirit goes through a certain number of stages, each different from the other.” - Jean Piaget

  6. Piaget & Cognitive Development • As we develop, we are constantly building schemas – concept or framework that organizes and interprets information • Assimilate– interpreting new experiences in terms of our current understanding (schemas) • Trying to fit new object into old schema • Example: Referring to all four-legged animals as dogs • Accommodate – adapting/adjusting our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences • Change our schema to fit new object

  7. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

  8. Forming Attachments • Attachment is powerful survival impulse • Keeps infants close to caregivers • Harry Harlow - studied relationship between mother and child • Importance of nourishment and body contact • Familiarity • Imprinting – process by which certain animals form attachments during critical period – inherited tendencies - early in life • Children do not imprint – attach through mere exposure

  9. Self-ConceptHow does parenting impact children’s traits and self-concepts? • Describe your parent/guardian’s parenting style considering the following factors: • Communication/Reasoning • Rules • Obedience • Punishment/Rewards • How has this parenting style impacted your development? • Self-esteem, self-reliance, social skills/competence, maturity • Would you describe their parenting as too hard, too soft, or just right?

  10. Parenting Styles • Authoritarian • Parents impose rules and expect obedience • Examples: “Don’t interrupt”; “If you stay out too late, you’re grounded” • Permissive • Parents submit to their children’s desires • Parents make few demands and use little punishment • Authoritative • Parents are both demanding and responsive • Exert control by setting rules and enforcing them…also explain the reasons for rules • Encourage open discussion when making the rules, allowing exceptions • Older children

  11. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

  12. WHAT IS MORALITY? • HOW IS ONE’S MORALITY DEVELOPED? • WHAT HAS HAD THE GREATEST IMPACT ON YOUR MORAL BELIEFS?

  13. Consider the Following: • A runaway trolley is headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you throw a switch that diverts the trolley to another track, where it will kill one person. Should you throw the switch? • Same situation. • To save the five people, you must now push a large stranger onto the track to stop the trolley. You will obviously kill him, but will save the other five. Do you do it?

  14. Kohlberg’sDevelopment of Morality • Pre-conventional (before age 9) • Focuses on self-interest - egocentric • Obey rules to avoid punishment or gain reward • Conventional (early adolescence) • Become aware of what others think • Caring for others, recognizing and upholding laws and social rules • Post-conventional • Is a law fair or just? • Universal ethical principles

  15. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

  16. Physical Changes in Adulthood • Physical decline begins in early adulthood, but is less noticeable • Muscle strength • Reaction time • Cardiac output - stamina • Sensory abilities • Vision, Smell, Hearing

  17. Physical Changes in Adulthood • Menopause • End of woman’s menstrual cycle (around 50 years old) • Mid-life crisis • What comes to mind? • Ageism • Prejudice against the old • Dementia – mental disintegration • Caused by small strokes, brain tumor, alcohol dependence • Alzheimer’s Disease • Loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons • Forgetfulness, confusion »loss of emotion, disorientation »mental vacancy

  18. Language Development

  19. How Do We Learn Language? • B.F. Skinner (Behaviorist) • Operant learning • Association of sight of thing with sounds of words • Imitation of words and syntax modeled by others • Reinforcement with smiles and hugs when the child says something right • Noam Chomsky (Linguist) • Language is not just the acquisition of words and meanings • Language development is much like “helping a flower to grow in its own way” • Given adequate nurture, language will naturally occur • Humans possess a language acquisition device • Switches just need to be turned on • All human languages have the same grammatical building blocks • Example: We start speaking mostly in nouns

  20. Thinking & Language • Benjamin Whorf (Linguist) • Language determines the way we think • Linguistic determinism – different languages impose different conceptions of reality • Studies of tribal groups have revealed how words may not determine what we think, but do influence our thinking • How we describe ourselves, our emotions, classify numbers, or even describe colors

More Related