On concurrence of Decision Making Processes

1. On concurrence of Decision Making Processes Prof. Dr. Habil. Andrzej Janicki andrzej.janicki44@neostrada.pl Faculty ofMathematic and Natural Sciences John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland The Military Institute of Aviation Medicine in Warsaw, Poland VIPSI Conference - Belgrad April 2009

2. We can assume that a humans decision phenomenon is a creation of life needs and a decision-making process taking place in emotional or rational spheres of each individual. On the solid ground of conducted researches dedicated to decision-making processes in each of these mentioned spheres there is both an advanced scientific and practical well-known output regarding particular theories and activity procedures in different applications. Consequently, we are able to distinguish the category of “behavioral decision-making theory” and the category of “mathematical decision-making theory”. • From the area of consideration, there are taken two complex situations with a high level of uncertainly. Firstly, the situation in which a human who takes an individual and direct decision has, to a large degree, acts instinctively. Secondly, there is the situation in which a human takes a problem-solving decision with a support of the initial decision, prepared by an expert panel or by an expert computing system.

3. PENETRATING OF PHIELDS OF SIENCE, TECHNICK AND HUMAN ACTIVITY MODEL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCJOLOGY POLITICAL SIENCE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC ISSUES TELEMATICS PROCEDURES, AGENTS, PROJECTS, ORGANISATIONS- MANAGEMENT MODEL OF AUTOMATION IST MODEL OF TELECOMMU-NICATION MODEL OF INFORMATICS OBJECTS, PROCESSES, NETWORKS, CHAINS - CONTROL AUTOMATION - ROBOTICS PEOPLE - ECONOMY ECONOMY MATHEMATICS NATURAL SIENCES & e-ECONOMY IST- INFORMATION SOSIETY TECHNOLOGIES REALITY

4. SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE - INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH: • Philosophy of action - focuses on the essential nature of action (action is an event carried out by the agent) • Action in linguistic - is a four: 1) activity (e.g: run,eat), state (e.g: know, be sick, seat), accomplishment (e.g: drawn, eat an apple, climbe a mountain), achievement (e.g: realise, reach the summit). • The main parameters involved in distinguished these classes, form the point of view of their relations with time, are as follows: having (or being) a culmination point, being downward homogeneous, being cumulative and being punctual or atomic. • Action in artificial intelligence - is based on the theoretical foundation of the role ofbelieves, desires and intentions in the so called practical reasoning (it means areasoning that leads to an action). • Planning process - planning is an abstract explicit deliberation process that chooses and organises actions by unticipating their expected outcomes. It basicly treats the action as 'black boxes' with pre-conditions and post-conditions. We usually assume that each action has its preconditions and the expected outcomes, which gives an account for its application in planning.

5. An ONTOLOGY is an explicit specification of aconceptualisation • An ONTOLOGY is an explicit, partial account of an conceptualisation. • The term 'CONCEPTUALIZATION' used in 01 definition means a structure (D,R), where D is a domain and R is a set of relations. • The term 'CONCEPTUALIZATION' used in 01 definition means the representation by an intentional structure of the form (W,D,R), where W is a set of possible worlds, D is a domain and R is a set of intentional raqlations on D. An intentional relation of arity n on D is a function from W into 2 • Intuitively conceptualization requires that each of its relations is always relative to a possible world. Possible worlds could in principle be anything, but a frequent use is to consider they are a single 'world' at different times. Intentional structure has this advantage, that it allows the specification of the meaning of a relations independly of the (actual) state of affairs.

6. WHAT IS AN ACTION? • Action is an event, namely, the event that is curried out by the agent but more specificly action is an event done by an agent for a reason for instance (e.g): Action is an event done by an agent with the intention to do this action. • Paralelly to that action is an event which is under the control of the agent; shortly action is a transition between; the statesorsitutions. • AGENT - AN ESSENTIAL COMPONENT OF ACTION • In philosophy, an agent, in most cases, is synonymous to a human being (person), self or a subject. • The agent: • In conscious has a capacity for self-reference; • Isfree; • Isrational; • Persiststhrow time ; • Operates with reasons (such as believes, sesires, intentions, obligations etc.) • and (operating with reasons) is capable of deciding, initiating and carrying out actions. • is responsible for at least some of its behavior; • is constituted by a body;

7. ARTEFACTS STRESS • INFORMATION „APRIORI” • EXPERTS EVALUATIONS • SURVIES RESULTS • COMPARABLE RESULTS • KNOWLEDGE MODEL • MONITORING • COMPARING • EVALUATING • RAPORTING KNOWLEDGE DATABASE Information coordination ComputationalIntelligence Platform EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Knowledge integration

8. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT MIND & WISDOM EXPECTATION STIMULATED BY INTUITION MIND INTUITION & FORCASTING HUMAN ACTING BASED ON KNOWLEDGE & EDUCATION MIND KNOWLEDGE & ACTING NATURE MULTIPLE TRIAL METHOD & FAILURE METHOD EXPERIENCE & LEARNING REAL AGENTS & AGENTIES INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EACH OTHER CONCLUDING DECISIONS CONCLUSIONS EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

9. We assumethehuman’sbehaviour as particular life process, which, - fromtheformal point of view - could be described by a processZ (Z,t), whereZmeans so called „behavioralvariable” havingfuzzy charakter (uncertain) and t meansthe time. • Thereis a set D of activitiesd taken by particularhuman(or by a cyborg); d  D and d= f(z) where z is a particularbasicactivityfromdescribedinterval of behaviorsdefiniteswithZe as a fourdimensions one. • As itiswellknownfromthepracticetheknowledgewithoutactivityisempty and activitywithouttheknowledgeisblind. Followingthisassumpiontheconfiguration of theknowledge and theactivityis a strenght of changes and development inframes of theprocessZ (Z, t). • Itiseasy to seethat a variableZtakesthevaluesfromparticulardomain of basicbehavioursimplementedinthecommonintervalZe – whatis a subject of a graphicvisualisation on thenextslide.

10. INTUITION - EXPECTATIONS EXPERIENCE - LEARNING Z (Z ; t) MIND - WISDOM t tk Ze DEDUCTION tp PROBLEM AREA KNOWLEDGE - ACTION MODEL OF THE PROBLEM AREA TOGETHER WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT MIND

11. Processes models taking place in both these situations have the game –theory character with a strong time conditioning and fuzzy data as well as values. The conclusions of the first situation are based on the Differentiation and Consolidation Theory formed in 1992 by Ola Svenson from the University of Stockholm. In the second situation’s consideration there is an implication of the Bellman-Zadeh’s approach (1970) concentrated on multistage decision-making and steering process in a fuzzy environment (chaos), which has been also further developed by E.Kulikowski (2003) - who created a concept of utility function, as well as the Author’s publications and researches results. • The conclusion is that there is a fundamental usefulness of the Differentiation and Consolidation Theory in the area of decision-making processes, what takes place in the first described situation. There appeared also a presumption about a possibility of this theory generalization with use of mathematical systems theory’s elements, to which belongs decision-making mathematical theory mentioned before. It will be the subject of Authors researches and publications in the nearest future.

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