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Operating Systems

This article introduces the objectives, components, and architectures of operating systems, with a focus on Linux and Windows XP. It covers topics such as mode of operation, kernel, system calls, operating system components, and different architectures.

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Operating Systems

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  1. Operating Systems Operating Systems Unit 1: OS objectives Mode of operation Components Architecture Linux Windows XP

  2. What Is an Operating System? • Computer = set of able resources • processor(s), memory, I/O & communication devices • OS • enables use of resources • manages resources • resources not limited to hardware • shift from: • pure efficient use of resources to • enhance user experience COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  3. Mode of operation • Kernel: • substance, core, center, essence, gist, heart, heart and soul, inwardness, marrow, meat, nub, pith, sum, nitty-gritty • pieces of software that perform OS tasks • has privileged access to resources COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  4. Terminology • kernel mode or kernel space • user mode or user space • system call: • user mode program invokes kernel mode functionality COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  5. Operating System Components • Processor scheduler • Memory manager • I/O manager • Interprocess communication manager • File system manager COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  6. Operating System Architectures • Operating systems tend to be complex • Provide many services • Support variety of hardware and software • Operating system architectures help manage this complexity • Organize operating system components • Specify privilege with which each component executes COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  7. Operating System Architectures • monolithic • layered • micro-kernel • distributed COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  8. Monolithic Architecture • Monolithic operating system • Every component contained in kernel • direct communication among all elements • highly efficient • Problems: • complexity • new devices, emerging technologies • enabling, protection COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  9. Monolithic Architecture COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  10. Layered Architecture • Groups components that perform similar functions into layers • Each layer communicates only with adjacent layer • System calls might pass through many layers before completion COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  11. Layered Architecture COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  12. Microkernel Architecture • Microkernel • provides only small number of services • attempt to keep kernel small and scalable • High degree of modularity • Extensible, portable and scalable • Increased level of inter-module communication COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  13. Microkernel Architecture COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  14. Distributed Operating Systems • Network operating system • Runs on one computer but allows its processes to access remote resources • Distributed operating system • Single OS manages resources on more than one computer COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  15. Distributed Operating Systems COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  16. Linux Kernel Architecture • Monolithic kernel: Contains modular components • Process management • Interprocess communication • Memory management • File system management • VFS: provides a single file system interface • I/O management • Networking COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  17. Linux Kernel Architecture COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  18. Loadable Kernel Modules • Enables code to be loaded on demand • Reduces the kernel’s memory footprint • Kmod: a kernel subsystem that manages modules without user intervention • Determines module dependencies and loads and unloads them on demand • Problem: kernel and module versions COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  19. Windows XP Kernel Architecture • Modified microkernel • has layers • has modular components within layer • Microkernel • Basic system mechanisms • Thread scheduling, interrupt dispatching, etc. • Abstracts hardware specifics that differ between architectures COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  20. Windows XP Kernel Architecture COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  21. Windows XP Kernel Architecture • Executive • main operating system subsystems • Environment subsystems • Provide a specific computing environment for user-mode processes: • Examples: Win32, SFU, WOW64 COP 4994 - Operating Systems

  22. Agenda for next week: • Chapter 3: Process Concepts • Chapter 4: Thread Concepts • Read ahead ! COP 4994 - Operating Systems

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