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Cognitive Computing 2012

Cognitive Computing 2012. The computer and the mind INTRODUCTION See: http://www.doc.gold.ac.uk/~mas02mb Professor Mark Bishop. Reading list. Essential texts: Harnish, R., (2002), Minds, Brains & Computers , Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-21260-4 Secondary texts:

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Cognitive Computing 2012

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  1. Cognitive Computing 2012 The computer and the mind INTRODUCTION See: http://www.doc.gold.ac.uk/~mas02mb Professor Mark Bishop

  2. Reading list • Essential texts: • Harnish, R., (2002), Minds, Brains & Computers, Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-21260-4 • Secondary texts: • Boden, M., (1990), The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, OUP, ISBN 0-19-824854-7 • Boden, M., (1996), The Philosophy of Artificial Life, OUP, ISBN 0-19-875155-9 Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  3. An introduction to cognitive science • Harnish, R., “Minds, Brains, Computers” • W1: Principles of Dualism • W2:Principles of Associationism • W3: Principles of Behaviourism • W4: Principles of Connectionism • W5: Principles of Identity Theory • W6: READING WEEK • W7: Principles of Functionalism • W8: Principles of Knowledge Representation (1) • W9: Principles of Knowledge Representation (2) • W10: The Computational Theory of Mind • W11: The Connectionist Theory of Mind Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  4. Foundation of artificial intelligence and artificial life • The Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence, (Boden) • W1: Computing Machinery & Intelligence, (Turing). • W2: Minds, Brains & Programs, (Searle). • W3: Computer Science as Empirical Enquiry, (Newell & Simon). • W4: Cognitive Wheels, (Dennett). • W5: Some Reductive Strategies in Cognitive Neurobiology, (Churchlands) • W6: READING WEEK • W7: Making a mind versus modeling the brain, (Dreyfus & Dreyfus) • The Philosophy of Artificial Life, (Boden) • W8: Artificial Life, (Langton). • W9: From Robots to Rothko, (Wheeler) • W10: Autonomy and Artificiality, (Boden) • W11: Tierra, (Ray) Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  5. Assessment • Write an extended (5,000 word) essay (to be submitted by 4pm, Friday last day of the autumn term) Problems with representations. • i.e. Amongst other issues, your essay may discuss: • What is a representation? • Intentionality: how might a representation ‘represent’ reality? • The danger of homunculus fallacies. • Representations and the Cartesian theatre. • Processing – using – representations in cognition. • Action-orientated representations, etc. etc. • How to cognize without using representations? Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  6. Cognitive Computing2012 The computer and the mind FIRST STEPS Professor Mark Bishop

  7. First steps in Cognitive Science • How is it that cognitive systems - such as ourselves - can: • think; • hold conversations; • recognise objects; • play tennis; • feel pain; see red. • Cognitive Science is concerned with explaining how such behaviours are realised. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  8. The ‘representational theory of mind’ • The ‘representational theory of mind’ is the dominant theory of the nature of mental content in cognitive science, modern philosophy of mind and experimental psychology. • In contrast to theories of naive or direct realism - where sense provides us with direct awareness of the external world - it postulates the existence of mental intermediaries – representations - between the observing subject and the objects in the external world. • These intermediaries stand for - represent - to the mind objects of the world. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  9. What is cognition? • An attempt to explain the processes that underlie [conscious] thought; this leads to the: • Narrow Definition of Cognition: the mental manipulation of mental representations. • Cognitivism: the belief that cognition consists of discrete, internal mental states (representations) whose manipulation can be described in terms of rules or algorithms. • Broad Definition of Cognition: involves investigation of: • Attention. • Memory. • Learning. • Reasoning. • Problem solving. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  10. What is computation? • Broad Definition: Is simply whatever computer do... • give off heat; • play music; • watch DVDs etc. • Narrow Definition: Computation is ‘information processing’. • For David Marr - like Newell & Simon before him - ‘Information Processing systems’ involve manipulation of symbols. • For Marr Information Processing (IP) systems have three levels of description: • What problems does the IP system solve? • What algorithms does the IP system employ? • How are the algorithms implemented? Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  11. What is intelligence (1) • We need to identify intelligence so that we can rightly ascribe the quality to a machine if, and when, it is present. • Is Intelligence: • The deduction of mathematical proof? • A computer demonstrated strength in this ability in 1963, ‘Empirical explorations with the logic theory machine’, (Newell, Shaw & Simon). • The ability to do intelligence tests? • A computer demonstrated strength in this ability in 1968, ‘A heuristic Program to solve Geometric Analogy Problems’, (Minsky). Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  12. What is intelligence (2) • Answer specialised questions about a complex knowledge domain? • A computer demonstrated strength in this ability in 1971, ‘On Generality and Problem Solving ...’, the DENDRAL Expert System project, (Feigenbaum et al). • Answering general questions about a simple knowledge domain? • A computer demonstrated strength in this ability in 1973, ‘A Procedural Model of Language Understanding’, (Winograd), SHRDLU: the blocks world. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  13. What is intelligence (3) • The ability to play a strong game of chess? • A computer has demonstrated strength in this ability from 1988. • The DEEP THOUGHT project (1988 - 1997). • .. But did it have human help…. • In game two DB made one exceptionally good move.. • But then subsequently missed an obvious counter move (luckily for IBM so did Kasparov). Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  14. So, what is a chair? • How do I know the object - pictured right - is a chair? • Are there specific rules/features that define if a given object is a chair? I.e. has the given object: • A back? • A seat? • Four legs? • It seems apparent that there is no one distinctive feature set necessary and sufficient for the property of ‘chairiness’. • Thus there is no reason to look - as we have traditionally - for one, essential core in which the meaning of a concept (e.g. chair) is located and which is, therefore, common to all uses of that word. • This lack of rigid rule based structure has posed serious problems for rule based, computational attempts to solve problems in object categorization. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  15. On family resemblance • An alternative approach to object categorization is suggested in the later work of the great twentieth century philosopher, Ludwig Wittgenstein. • In ‘Philosophical Investigations’, Wittgenstein suggested family resemblance as a suitable analogy for the means of connecting particular uses of the same concept. • In other words, we correctly say of something that it is a chair, iff it has a group of features in common - it shares a family resemblance to - objects we class as chairs. • I.e. we should travel with the concept's uses through "a complicated network of similarities, overlapping and criss-crossing" (PI 66). • Family resemblance also serves to exhibit the lack of boundaries and the distance from exactness that characterize different uses of the same concept Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  16. So what is cognitive science? (1) • The Narrow Definition of Cognitive Science: • Cognitive Science is not an area of study but a doctrine • Specifically the Computational Theory of Mind, (CTM). • The mind/brain is a type of computer. • But this definition of Cognitive Science is risky.. • If cognition turns out not to be computational then on this definition there is no Cognitive Science… Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

  17. What is cognitive science? (2) • Broad Definition – the scientific study of cognition which involves: • Computer Science / Artificial Intelligence • Instantiation of complex (intelligent) system in a real machine. • Neuroscience • Aims to provide a functional analysis of various portions of the brain. • Psychology • Investigation of attention, memory, learning, reasoning, problem solving etc. • Linguistics • Understanding of language. eg. Cholmsky’s work on transformative grammars. • Anthropology • Investigating cognitive phenomena from a cross cultural perspective. • Philosophy • Many problems in Cognitive Science are old philosophical problems recast in new language. • The Mind/Body problem; free will; consciousness etc. Bishop: An introduction to Cognitive Computing

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