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Challenges & Changes in the Movement

Challenges & Changes in the Movement. 21.3 Notes. Common Goals of Civil Rights Groups. Call for newfound pride in black identity Commitment to change the social and economic structures that kept people in poverty Aimed to end segregation Change racial prejudice Focused on

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Challenges & Changes in the Movement

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  1. Challenges & Changes in the Movement 21.3 Notes

  2. Common Goals of Civil Rights Groups • Call for newfound pride in black identity • Commitment to change the social and economic structures that kept people in poverty • Aimed to end segregation • Change racial prejudice • Focused on the North

  3. Northern Segregation • De Jure Segregation – by law • De Facto Segregation – by practice and custom • Requires changing people’s attitudes • Intensified after migration to North • Caused “white flight” to the suburbs • Left A.A. to live in slums, dirty city rentals • One thing to share lunch counters, another to be neighbors • MLK led march on Chicago City hall

  4. Urban Violence • New York City – July 1964 • White police vs. A.A. teenagers = death of 15yr. old • Sparked riot in Harlem • Watts, Los Angeles – August, 1965 • One of worst riots in nation’s history – 6 days • 34 killed, millions of dollars of property stolen • 100s of riots over next 2 years • Whites realized riots related to poverty • Great Society $ eventually redirected to Vietnam

  5. Malcolm X • Born Malcolm Little • Jailed at age 20 for burglary, then Islamic minister • Studied teachings of Elijah Muhammad • Head of Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) • Dropped “slave name” and became X • Brilliant thinker, engaging speaker • Preached blacks should separate from white society, armed self-defense • Appealed to racial pride

  6. Given much publicity b/c of controversy • Armed self-defense frightened whites and moderate A.A. • Created resentment in members of Nation of Islam • Broke away from Nation of Islam • Traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia • Required of orthodox Islam followers • Worshiped w/ people of all countries

  7. “ I have prayed…with fellow Muslims whose eyes were the bluest of blue, whose hair was the blondest of blond, and whose skin was the whitest of white” Radically changed his attitude toward whites… “Ballots or bullets. Well, if you and I don’t use the ballot, we’re going to be forced to use the bullet. So let us try the ballot.”

  8. Assassinated: February21, 1965 Giving aspeech in Harlem

  9. Stokely Carmichael • Finished James Meredith’s 225 mile march to Ole Miss • Tension between MLK and Carmichael • Beaten by police after setting up a tent on all-black HS grounds • Followers growing tired of brutality • Black Power - called for black people to define their goals, lead own organizations • Urged SNCC to stop recruiting whites • Focus on developing A.A. pride

  10. “This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested – and I ain’t going to jail no more! We been saying freedom for six years – and we ain’t got nothin’. What we’re gonna start saying now is Black Power.”

  11. Black Panthers • Political party • Founded in Oakland, CA – October, 1966 • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale • Fought police brutality in the ghetto • Advocated self-sufficiency for A.A. communities • Full employment and decent housing • Exemption from military service

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