DID YOU KNOW?????

1. DID YOU KNOW????? • Elephants have been known to remain standing after they die.

2. DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Chapters 12

3. PROTEIN REVIEW • Proteins are large molecules formed by smaller molecules called amino acids. • Amino acids are known as the building blocks of proteins. • In your body, proteins aid in muscle contractions, give structure to cells and act as enzymes.

4. GENES • A segment of DNA that codes for a protein. • DNA is organized into units called genes. • Found in the nucleus. • Contain instructions on how to make proteins.

5. Nucleic Acids • Both DNA and RNA are known as nucleic acids. • Just like the building block for proteins are amino acids, the building blocks for nucleic acids are NUCLEOTIDES.

6. Who discovered DNA? • In 1953, Watson and Crick were the first to identify the structure of DNA. • Won a noble prize in 1962.

7. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid • Fundamental building block of all living things. • Passes on information from generation to generation by duplicating itself.

8. The Structure of DNA • Shaped like a double helix – two strands twisted around each other like a winding staircase.

9. NUCLEOTIDES • Building blocks of DNA. • Subunits that make up DNA. • Each consist of 3 parts: 1. Five carbon sugar called deoxyribose 2. Nitrogen base 3. Phosphate group

10. NUCLEOTIDE • Make sure you know how to draw and label this! Nitrogenous base Phosphate group 5 Carbon Sugar: DEOXYRIBOSE

11. NITROGENOUS BASES • Four different nitrogen bases in DNA: 1. Adenine Purines 2. Guanine 3. Thymine Pyrimidines 4. Cytosine

12. NUCLEOTIDE • The only part that changes in a DNA molecule is the nitrogenous base! Nitrogenous base Phosphate group • ADENINE • THYMINE • GUANINE • CYTOSINE 5 Carbon Sugar: DEOXYRIBOSE

13. Warm Up • What are the building blocks of DNA? • Name one thing proteins do in your body. • What is a gene?

14. ANSWERS • What are the building blocks of DNA? NUCLEOTIDES • Name one thing proteins do in your body. AID IN MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS. • What is a gene? SEGMENT OF DNA LOCATED ON A CHROMOSOME.

15. Did you know??????????????????? • A cockroach can live for several weeks without it’s head!

16. Complementary Base Pairing • ONLY CERTAIN BASES CAN LINK TOGETHER. THESE BASES ARE CALLED “COMPLEMENTARY”. A always pairs with T C always pairs with G * Bases are held together by hydrogen bonds.

17. Complementary Strands Fill in the blanks: One side of DNA: ACTGGCTATGC Other side : TGACCGATACG

19. DNA Replication Process of making a copy of DNA. One DNA strand serves as a template to build the other. 1st the DNA strand “unzips” or splits down the middle. 2nd Complementary nucleotides attach to the single strands

21. What if there are mistakes? Sometimes the wrong nucleotides are added. An enzyme called DNA polymerase proof reads the strand and checks for errors in the nucleotide pairings. The chance in a mistake is reduced to 1 error per every billion nucleotides!

22. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Decoding the information in DNA • Traits such as eye color as encoded in DNA. How are these traits passed on from generation to generation? This job takes both DNA and something called RNA.

23. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: RNA • Like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid. • RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways.

24. Warm Up • The sugar in DNA is called ______________, while the sugar in RNA is called____________________. • What are the two steps of DNA replication?

25. WARM UP ANSWERS • The sugar in DNA is called DEOXYRIBOSE, while the sugar in RNA is called RIBOSE. • What are the two steps of DNA replication? 1. DNA MOLECULE UNZIPS 2. NUCLEOTIDES ATTACH TO THE NEW STRAND.

26. DID YOU KNOW????????????? IF YOU HAVE HAD YOUR PILLOW FOR OVER 5 YEARS, ONE TENTH OF IT’S TOTAL WEIGHT IS DUST MITES AND THEIR POOP!

27. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Uracil instead of Thymine • No thymine bases are found in RNA, instead uracil pairs with adenine. DNARNA A-T A-U C-G C-G

28. From DNA to RNA Original DNA strand ATTACGAAGGCTA UAAUGCUUCCGAU New RNA strand

29. THREE TYPES OF RNA • mRNA- messenger RNA • tRNA- transfer RNA • rRNA- ribosomal RNA We will learn more about these later.

30. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: The Big Picture • 2 STEP PROCESS: 1st. TRANSCRIPTION- from DNA to RNA 2nd. TRANSLATION - from RNA to proteins.

31. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Transfer of Information, From DNA to RNA • TRANSCRIPTION – process of taking information found in DNA and transferring it to a RNA strand. RNA is produced. Genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to an RNA molecule. • Occurs in the nucleus, where DNA is found. *******THIS IS NOT THE SAME AS DNA REPLICATION*********

32. Transcription vs. Replication

33. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Results of Transcription FORMATION OF ONE SINGLE-STRANDED RNA MOLECULE

35. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: mRNA -The type of RNA that carries outtranscription is called mRNA. -mRNA will deliver the new strand to the site of translation.

36. WARM UP 11/15 • NAME THE THREE TYPES OF RNA. • WHAT IS THE RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION?

37. Warm up Answers 11/15 • NAME THE THREE TYPES OF RNA. 1. Messenger RNA 2. Transfer RNA 3. Ribosomal RNA • WHAT IS THE RESULT OF TRANSCRIPTION? The formation of one single stranded RNA molecule.

38. DID YOU KNOW???????????? The average human produces a quart of saliva a day!! That’s about 10,000 gallons in a lifetime!

39. Why do we need mRNA? • Remember, DNA is only found in the nucleus of the cell. • mRNA is needed to carry information out of the nucleus to other parts of the cell. For example, Imagine that your name is DNA and you are on house arrest. If you need McDonalds you must send someone else with your message (order) to McDonalds.

42. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: The Genetic Code, Codons • The mRNA instructions are written as three nucleotide sequences called CODONS. • Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA specifies for a particular amino acid. • Each codon along the mRNA strand corresponds with a specific amino acid. AUC GGA UUA CCC CODON CODON CODON CODON

43. mRNA codes for Specific Amino Acids mRNA AUC GGA UUA CCC CODON CODON CODON CODON Isoleucine Glycine Leucine Proline

45. Now you try…………… • UAA • Stop • UGU • Cysteine • GAU • Aspartic acid

46. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: RNA’s Roles in Translation • Takes place in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes. In order for translation to occur, mRNA must migrate to the ribosomes. • tRNA and ribosomes help in the synthesis of proteins. Proteins are made from mRNA. • The mRNA moves out of the nucleus to the ribosomes. There tRNA carries the amino acid to it’s correct codon. The sequence is then converted into an amino acid sequence.

47. FROM GENES TO PROTEINS: Translation • tRNA consists of a single strand of RNA with an amino acid linked to the end. • Each tRNA contains an anticodon – three nucleotide sequence that is complementary to an mRNA codon.

48. From DNA mRNA tRNA Proteins DNA Strand ATCGATCCG mRNA Strand UAGCUAGGC codons tRNA Strand AUCGAUCCG anti-codons Proteins Isoleucine, etc

49. What happens when there is a mistake? • Normally process is very accurate, but occassionaly they make a mistake known as a mutation. ex. THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR **One change can make a huge difference!

50. 3 Types of Mutations • Point mutation – only a single nucleotide changes. (Only changes one protein) ATCGAA Serine, Arginine ATGGAA Stop, Arginine • Deletion mutation – base is removed or entire segments. THE CAT ATE THE ATA TE