Estados Unidos Mexicanos AP Comp Government 2013-2014

1. EstadosUnidosMexicanosAP Comp Government 2013-2014

2. social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. Although different social sciences emphasize different aspects of social capital, they tend to share the core idea "that social networks have value". Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (cultural capital or human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups Social capital refers to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions. Increasing evidence shows that social cohesion is critical for societies to prosper economically and for development to be sustainable. Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society – it is the glue that holds them together http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/EXTTSOCIALCAPITAL/0,,contentMDK:20185225~menuPK:418213~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:401015,00.html

3. Mexico’s new government The new president believes that he has broad political agreement to change his country Dec 8th 2012 | MEXICO CITY |From the print edition “IT IS time to get Mexico moving,” declared Enrique Peña Nieto (pictured) on December 1st in his first speech as the country’s president. As an audience of politicians and diplomats stood to applaud his inaugural address in the national palace, masked youths smashed the windows of banks and hotels a few blocks away. The Alameda park, recently reopened after a $20m facelift, was daubed in graffiti denouncing the new government.

4. See: Mexcio’s president sworn in in pictures http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20570389 Video of protests http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-20571510

5. The 2012 presidential election See: Mexico party selects first woman presidential candidatehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16903245

6. Monday, 10 a.m. The electoral system

7.  Enrique Peña Nieto of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) won the Mexican presidential election of 2012, with a plurality of 38 percent of the vote, returning to power the party that for 71 years ruled Mexico as a one-party state. His victory was largely a result of failures of out-going President Felipe Calderón of the National Action Party (PAN) who led the nation into a war with the drug cartels that took 60,000 lives, persecuted independent unions, and presided over a stagnating economy that grew less than 2 percent over a decade. With the Mexican financial and corporate elite throwing its weight behind him, and the major media promoting him, the youthful Peña Nieto campaigned and won as the leader of a new PRI promising democracy and reform. •      Andrés Manuel LópezObrador, presidential candidate of the left in 2006 and again in July of 2012, has once again refused to recognize the decision of the Electoral Tribunal which upheld the victory of Peña Nieto. Contending that the PRI bought millions of votes, “trafficking with the poverty of the people,”

8. Mixed Results and geographic cleavages While the PRI won the presidency, the PRD remains a force in Mexican politics, having captured Mexico City and many new congressional seats. The statistics in the presidential, congressional and state elections provide a complex picture of Mexico’s kaleidoscopic political voting patterns. With 63.02% of registered voters participating in this election, Peña Nieto received 38.2 percent of the vote and López Obrador 31.6 percent, with a 6.6 percent difference between the two, equivalent to 3.3 million votes. Josefina Vázquez Mota, candidate of the rightwing PAN received 26 percent of the vote. Peña Nieto, his victory having been upheld by the Tribunal on August 31, will take office on December 1, returning to power the party that ruled Mexico continuously from 1929 to 2000 through notoriously authoritarian, corrupt, and often violent methods.

9. Senate Composition by Party Legislative election results

10. Ooh look gubnatorial results

11. Analysis by the Economist http://www.economist.com/blogs/americasview/2012/07/mexicos-presidential-election-results

12. A general election was held in Mexico on Sunday, July 1, 2012. Voters went to the polls to elect, on the federal level: A new ___________ to serve a six-year term, replacing _____________ _____________(ineligible for re-election under the 1917 _____________). 128 members (three per _______by first-past-the-post and 32 by proportional representation from national partylists to serve six-year terms in the Senate. In each state, two first-past-the-post seats are allocated to the party with the largest share of the vote, and the remaining seat is given to the first runner-up. 500 members (300 by the _________ _____ _____ ____system and 200 by______________ ______________) to serve for a three-year term in the ____________ __ ____________

13. Presidential Election 2006 The Result . . . BBC July 7, 2006

14. Lots of Protest. . . Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador may have lost the vote counting after the 2 July presidential election in Mexico. But he is still the big winner on the streets of the capital city. Hundreds of thousands of enthusiastic Lopez Obrador supporters crammed into the square known as Zocalo, in the heart of Mexico City's historic central district on Saturday. There was no empty space, save behind a few huge banners that blocked the view of the stage. Men, women and children cheered wildly and waved yellow flags. They chanted the name of the man they believe won last week's election. Mexico City is Mr Lopez Obrador's most passionate constituency BBC July 9 2006

15. SO then . . . A partial recount NYT Aug. 5 — A seven-member electoral tribunal on Saturday unanimously rejected a demand from the leftist candidate for president for a complete recount of votes, setting the stage for more protests by thousands of his supporters who have camped out in the capital, claiming the election last month was fraudulent. The judges ruled there were arithmetic errors and other irregularities that warranted a recount of votes in about 10 percent of the polling places. Those polling places are located in 145 of the 300 electoral districts and 26 of the 32 states. Supporters of Andrés Manuel Lopéz Obrador, the Mexican leftist candidate, weeping Saturday after his call for a total vote recount was rebuffed

16. Sept 6 2006 Federal Electoral Tribunal declares a winner . Mexico's top electoral court has rejected claims July's presidential election was riddled with fraud. The judges said a partial recount of votes had not changed the original result, which gave narrow victory to conservative candidate Felipe Calderon. In their final ruling on Tuesday, the judges concluded Mr. Calderón won the election by a mere 233,831 votes out of 41.5 million cast, a margin very close to the official tally done in early July The Mexican president-elect, Felipe Calderón, accepted cheers Tuesday at his party’s headquarters in Mexico City. NYT Sept 5 2006

17. Yes, He Lost Mexico’s Vote, So He’s Swearing Himself In NYT Nov 20 2006 About 100,000 people crowded into Constitution Plaza in Mexico City on Monday to watch Andrés Manuel López Obrador swear himself in.

18. Legislators scuffled in Congress before bodyguards ushered in Felipe Calderón to be sworn in as president. NYT Dec 1, 2006

19. As allies applauded and opponents jeered, Mr. Calderón, in sash, beside his predecessor, Vicente Fox, took his oath and left

20. To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met: • Be a natural-born citizen of Mexico ("mexicanopornacimiento") with at least one parent who is a natural-born citizen of Mexico. • Be a resident of Mexico for at least twenty (20) years. • Be thirty-five years or older at the time of the election. • Not be an official or minister of any church or religious denomination. • Not be in active military service during the six months prior to the election. • Not have been president already, even in a provisional capacity

21. Huge Constitutional Change in Pena Nieta’s first term: No more nonrelection principal for legislature Energy Reform

22. Institutions: Party system • Under PRI: “one party dominant” (contrast to China) • Means opposition parties were tolerated and held seats • But PRI maintained key positions and co-opted opposition • Now 3 party system (though even more represented in Congress) but two party in most of the country: North and West—PAN vs PRI; South and West PRI vs PRD, Mexico City all three

23. Institutions: PRI • Inclusive party with no clear ideology • Founded in 1929, become increasing indistinguishable from the state PRI comeback - a blow for Presidential PAN –2003 midterm elections http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3052124.stm

24. PRI CONTROL “ CONSENT . . . .but also Co-optation, corruption and if all else failed coercion”

25. Control by co-optation • See the following for examples http://books.google.com/books?id=oBmS_18l4cYC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=cooptation+pri&source=bl&ots=1VkdrnUegy&sig=pGFCpDERRbZuraykOsX709-CTeU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wG0aUbLbA67cigKgn4DoAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=cooptation%20pri&f=false

26. Cooptation involves the use of persuasion or concessions to win over potential adversaries. Groups or individuals are often said to have been coopted when they receive tangible benefits in exchange for some form o tacit or explicit concession on their part. In Mexico, cooptation took a variety of forms during PRI’s hegemony. For example, party leaders often awarded important political and bureaucratic posts to political opponents within the PRI; in exchange, the internal opposition might offer its support or simply refrain from an outward challenge against the party. It was also common for the government to grant concessions to critics outside the regime. In such instances, the demands of the interest group, political party, or neighborhood might be partially met (e.g., with a subsidy or government contract, greater revenue or representation, or a public works project, respectively), with the understanding that this was as far as the government was willing to go.

27. corporatism in perpetuating PRI rule Definition of state corporatism a system of interest representation in which certain groups are officially recognized by the state in exchange for acceptance of state control or limits on their expression of interest and demands In contrast to pluralism a system of interest representation in which groups can freely form to press their interests without limitation

28. Corporatist organizations under the PRI Organizations Confederation of Mexican Workers National Peasant Confederation National Confederation of Popular Organizations

29. Corporatist organizations under the PRI • Example: Confederation of Mexican Workers • Recognized by PRI; independent unions denied permission to organize • Agreed to limit demands • Limits on wage increases, limits on grievance procedures, limits on right to strike • Leaders of official federations rewarded by PRI • 1980s-90s: 14-22% of Congress: Confed. of Mex. Workers

30. Interest Groups Corporatist system breaks down in 1990s—rising civil society and opposition parties give alternatives economic crisis means less money for patronage, pork, electoral competition now more pluralist

32. Role of patron-client relations PRI politicians as patrons Demanded votes Provided access to government resources Workers, peasants as clients Voted for PRI in exchange for resources Examples Workers Subsidized housing, healthcare Peasants Ag price supports, special credit programs for farmers

33. Breakdown of patron-client relations • Economic crises in 1980s & 90s • Instituted wage freezes for Confederation workers • Abolished price supports for agricultural products • Ended special credit programs for farmers

34. PRI CONTROL Electoral fraud: stuffing ballot boxes, disqualifying opposition party poll watchers, relocating polling places at the last minute to sites known only to PRI supporters, manipulating voter registration lists, padding them with nonexistent or non resident PRI supporters or “shaving off” those who were expected to vote for opposition, giving multiple voting credentials to PRI supporters, confiscating credentials of opposition voters, or buying them for material benefits, organizing carruseles(‘flying brigades”) of PRI supporters transported by truck or van to vote at several different polling places . held majority representation in state and local government entities that controlled vote counting and certification—most common was to add votes for PRI (instead of taking away from opposition) so that sometimes total number of voters exceed total number of registered voters or even adults

35. authoritarian or democratic? authoritarian aspects through late 1990s strong president from single dominant party (8) control over elections “rubber stamp” legislature democratic aspects regular change of leadership via elections

36. Electoral Reforms of 1990s What: Electoral reforms-cost a billion dollars but did improve elections When: in 1993-1994 and 1996, Salinas govt Why: build up domestic and international credibility for 1994 elections How: • high tech, photo id cards issued to entire 42.5 million person electorate • Federal Electoral Institute strengthened, given more autonomy, PRI denied a majority • Independent tribunals to investigate, special prosecutor to investigate violations of electoral laws, new electoral crimes defined • Legalized international observers and independent Mexican citizens observers formally recognized • Exit polls authorized and publicly announced on election night • Ceilings on contributions • increased public funding for all parties • Threshold for PR: 2%

37. PAN • Founded in 1939 in response to leftward drift of Cardenas; oldest opposition party • center-right, with strong elements of Christian socialism • Who supports: northern border states and north central states, NOT rural Victory for Fox 2000 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/813206.stm

39. And of course loss in: See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-16903245

40. Mexico, Voting In New Leader, Begins Political Sea Change, July 4, 2000 "All the parties are going to have to relearn the art of making politics," said Carlos Elizondo Mayer-Serra, a political scientist. "The fundamental pillars of Mexico's political system have changed."

41. Party of the Democratic Revolution • formed: In 1980s a leftist faction in PRI, led by Cardenas, son of former president, left PRI and formed PRD • Opposes neo-liberal reforms and neglect of poor Mexicans, calls for more nationalist and protectionist policies • who supports: Mexico City and the south Andrés Manuel LópezObrador campaigning last week in Tehuantepec on a swing through Oaxaca State. NYT March 19, 2006

42. Cleavages: Ethnic Indigenous: Glorified in history, tradition and revolution, but now . . . • politically marginalized and victims of Mexico's worst poverty, compared to Mexico's wealthy elite who tend to be lighter skinned and of European origins • Leads to Chiapas . . . MOVEMENT (ahem: indigenous rights social movement)

43. “proud of Indian past, ashamed of Indian present” DRESS CODE: Martha Ramirez works at her stand in Tijuana, Mexico. City regulations will now require vendors to wear traditional dress or a city uniform. http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0705/p06s03-wogn.html

44. CHIAPAS Who: mostly Mayan Indians What: form Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) When: Jan 1994 Where:occupied several towns in State of Chiapas Why: Indigenous rts. democratization, end to neo-liberal economic reforms

45. http://www.drake.edu/artsci/PolSci/ipe/Muralpage.html This mural adorns one wall of a restaurant in San Cristobal. Note the artist's bold political commentary on the choices facing the indigenous peasants of Chiapas. The masked figure on the right represents Subcommandante Marcos, a leader and spokesperson for the E.Z.L.N., or Zapatistas, who sparked a rebellion against the Mexican state that began on January 1, 1994 - the very day that NAFTA went into effect.

46. Subcomandante Marcos IMPACT: surprisingly popular within Mexico and, together with the economic crisis, helped erode PRI political dominance and to accelerate electoral reforms http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1214676.stm

47. Zapatista supporters of Subcommander Marcos awaited him in Palenque on Tuesday. In his speeches, he blames "savage capitalism" and the rich for social problems from gay-baiting to racism to domestic violence. Marcos on tour, in San Cristóbal de las Casas on Wednesday Jan 4NYT Jan 6, 2006

48. CLEAVAGES: Rich/poor Gap • Long time great inequality—despite rhetoric of Mexican rev • Worse in rural/south • Increased with switch to neo-lib economic policies New UN study says the richest 10 % of Mexicans produce 43 percent of the country's wealth, and the bottom tenth 1 %http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0127/p07s02-woam.html

49. GINI INDEX: a measure of inequality

50. The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality It is usually used to measure income inequality, but can be used to measure any form of uneven distribution. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, and everyone else has zero income). The Gini index is the Gini coefficient expressed in percentage form, and is equal to the Gini coefficient multiplied by 100. The Gini coefficient's main advantage is that it is a measure of inequality, not a measure of average income or some other variable which is unrepresentative of most of the population, such as GDP Correlation with per-capita GDP Poor countries (those with low per capita GDP have Gini coefficients that fall over the whole range from low (0.25) to high (0.71), while rich countries have generally low Gini coefficient (under 0.40).