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ESC110 Chapter Four Human Populations

ESC110 Chapter Four Human Populations. Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 3rd Edition by William and Mary Ann Cunningham. Chapter Four Readings & Objectives. Required Readings Cunningham & Cunningham, Chapter Four Objectives

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ESC110 Chapter Four Human Populations

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  1. ESC110 Chapter Four Human Populations Principles of Environmental Science - Inquiry and Applications, 3rd Edition by William and Mary Ann Cunningham

  2. Chapter Four Readings & Objectives • Required ReadingsCunningham & Cunningham, Chapter Four • Objectives • At the end of this lesson, you should be able to • summarize historic factors that have contributed to human population growth; • calculate doubling times for different annual growth rates; • describe Malthusian and Marxian theories of limits to population growth, and explain why technological optimists and supporters of social justice oppose these theories; • explain the process of demographic transition and why it produces a temporary population surge; • understand how changes in life expectancy, infant mortality, women's literacy, standards of living, and democracy affect population changes; • evaluate pressures for and against family planning in traditional and modern societies; • compare modern birth control methods and think about a personal family planning agenda.

  3. Chapter Four Key Terms McGraw-Hill Course Glossary • family planning  life expectancy •  neo-Malthusians •  pronatalist pressures •  total fertility rate •  zero population growth (ZPG)  birth control  crude birth rate  crude death rates  demographic transition  demography  dependency ratio

  4. Chapter Four - Topics • Population growth • Limits to growth: some opposing views • Human demography • Population growth: opposing factors • Demographic transition • Family planning and fertility control • The future of human populations

  5. Part 1: Population Growth World population now 6.47 billion (Oct 12, 2005) Click here for current US and World population estimates -> http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

  6. Current Birth and Death Rates • Every second: about 4 children are born, while about 2 other people die • Net gain: 2.3 humans added to the world population every second, 72 million added every year

  7. Human Population Levels Throughout History

  8. Fig. 4.3

  9. Part 2: Limits to Growth Varying Perspectives • Overpopulation causes resource depletion and environmental degradation • Human ingenuity and technology will allow us to overcome any problems - more people may be beneficial • Resources are sufficient to meet everyone's needs - shortages are the result of greed, waste, and oppression

  10. Decisions on how many children to have are influenced by many factors, including culture, religion, politics, need for old-age security, and immediate family finances.

  11. Part 3: Human Demography • Demography - vital statistics about people, such as births and deaths • Two demographic worlds • Less-developed counties represent 80% of the world population, but more than 90% of projected growth • Richer countries tend to have negative growth rates What a stupid term…click below for definition of "third", "second", and "first" worlds… http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Third_World/TW_definition_description.html

  12. By 2050, India will probably be the world's most populous country. (297)

  13. Fertility and Birth Rates • Fecundity - physical ability to reproduce • Fertility - the actual production of offspring • Crude birth rate - number of births per year per thousand people • Total fertility rate - number of children born to an average woman during her reproductive life • Zero population growth (ZPG) - occurs when births + immigration just equal deaths + emigration

  14. Regional Declines in Total Fertility Rates

  15. China's one-child- per-family policy decreased the country's fertility rate from 6 to 1.8 in two decades. However, the policy is very controversial.

  16. As incomes rise, so does life expectancy.

  17. Living Longer: Demographic Implications • A population growing by natural increase has more young people than does a stationary population. • Dependency ratio - the number of nonworking individuals compared to working individuals - declining in countries such as the U.S. and Japan • If current trends continue, by 2100 the median age in the U.S. will be 60.

  18. Part 4: Population Growth -Opposing Factors Pronatalist pressures • Factors that increase people's desires to have children Birth reduction pressures • Factors that tend to reduce fertility

  19. U.S. Birth Rates: 1910-2001

  20. Part 5: Demographic Transition • Optimistic view - world population will stabilize during this century • Pessimistic view - poorer countries of the world are caught in a "demographic trap" - helping poor countries will only further threaten the earth's resources • Social justice view - overpopulation due to a lack of justice, not resources

  21. Demographic Transition Accompanying Economic and Social Development

  22. Fig. 4.13

  23. Infant Mortality and Women's Rights

  24. Part 7: The Future of Human Populations U.N. Projections

  25. Birth Control Methods

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