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Rebellion, Revolution and Regicide. Gabriel Glickman. Mark Kishlansky, ‘The war created radicalism. Radicalism did not create the war’. (Current revisionist stress on unintended consequences). Scotland 1644-45.
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Rebellion, Revolution and Regicide Gabriel Glickman
Mark Kishlansky, ‘The war created radicalism. Radicalism did not create the war’. (Current revisionist stress on unintended consequences).
Scotland 1644-45 • War in Scotland significant because English Parliament has allied with Covenanting Committee of Estates – shared commitment to Presbyterian religious reform. • War brings national political and religious conflict into contact with clash of Lowlands and Highlands. • Pattern of conflict influenced by Highland clan rivalries.
Ireland 1642-1646 • War brings out older political, cultural, ethnic and religious conflicts. • Catholic successes – Confederate leaders try and reshape 1641 rebellion as a commitment to royalist cause. • Protestantism in Ireland fragments along political lines. • Scottish Presbyterians in Ulster separate from Protestant armies in south.
1646-48 – Conflict splits the Catholic Confederacy Deeper issues caught up in the clash between Mountgarret and Rinuccini/ O’Neill • Question of whether Catholics are fighting primarily for Charles I or for the international Counter- Reformation. • Question of Ireland’s relationship to the English Crown. • Hint of ethnic conflict – royalist ‘Old English’ vs radicalised Ulster Gaels.
‘First Civil War’- key dates • August 1642 – Charles I raises royal standard at Nottingham. • October 1642 – Battle of Edgehill - a stalemate. • June 1644 – Parliamentary victory at battle of Marston Moor: largest engagement of the war. • June 1645 – Battle of Naseby – major parliamentary victory. • September 1645 – Montrose and Scottish royalists crushed at battle of Philiphaugh. • April 1646 – Charles forced to flee after siege of Oxford. • May1646 – Charles I surrenders to the Scots and enters their custody. • 30 January 1647 – Charles I surrendered by the Scots to the English Parliamentary commissioners.
Army Representation, June 1647 • ‘We were not a mere mercenary army, hired to serve any arbitrary power of a state, but called forth and conjured by the several declarations of Parliament to the defence of our own and the People's just Rights and Liberties...’
Rival settlement proposals • Army ‘Heads of the Proposals’ vs Parliamentary ‘Newcastle Propositions’. • Army leaders aim for moderate settlement proposal – main concern is soldiers’ rights. • Concentrate on call for more frequent parliaments rather than decreasing powers of king – even prepared to accept continuance of bishops with reduced powers. • Shows that Cromwell at this point not yet a radical figure.
The ‘Second Civil War’ ,1648 • 26 December 1647 - Charles signs Engagement with Scots. • April – Royalist riots in London and Norwich. • 8 May– defeat of Welsh royalist army at St Fagans. • 21 May – royalist uprising against Parliament in Kent: defeated at Maidstone, June 21st. • 4 June – royalist rising breaks out in Essex. • 8 June – Scottish army crosses the border. • 17 August – defeat of the Scots by Cromwell at Preston. • 27 August – surrender of the Colchester garrison to Thomas Fairfax.
Oliver Cromwell to Colonel Robert Hammond, 25 November 1648: ‘Our fleshly reasonings ensnare us... My dear friend let us look into providences, surely they mean somewhat, they hang so together, have been so constant, so clear and unclouded’.
