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BEST PARCTICES IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

BEST PARCTICES IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS. Dr. O.S. SASTRY DIRECTOR PV TESTING, SOLAR ENERGY CENTRE, MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PH. 0124-2579213; Fax: 0124-2579207e.mail: sastry284@yahoo.in. REQUIREMENTS OF BEST QUALITY PV SYSTEMS. HIGH PERFORMANCE SAFETY

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BEST PARCTICES IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS

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  1. BEST PARCTICES IN SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICS Dr. O.S. SASTRY DIRECTOR PV TESTING, SOLAR ENERGY CENTRE, MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PH. 0124-2579213; Fax: 0124-2579207e.mail: sastry284@yahoo.in

  2. REQUIREMENTS OF BEST QUALITY PV SYSTEMS • HIGH PERFORMANCE • SAFETY • LONG TERM RELIABILITY • LIFE CYCLE COST (Rs./ kWh) ( GRID PARITY ?)

  3. Best practices solar energy include …. • Programme Planning • Setting Targets (physical, performance and cost reductions) • Site specific and Need based PV Systems • Use of Standards with Indicators • Growth of Industry: through put & reliability • Creation of high quality testing laboratories • Adoption of latest developments in technology

  4. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION (JNNSM)(TARGETS) PHYSICAL: • 20,000 MW Utility Grid • 2000 MW Off- Grid. • 100MW Roof –Top Installations • Lighting Systems for 20Million Houses RELIABILITY & LIFE : • 35 years for PV modules? COST: • Grid Parity by 2020

  5. JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL SOLAR MISSION (JNNSM) (ACHIEVEMENTS) PHYSICAL: • 1050 MW Utility Grid • 155 MW Off- Grid (Including Roof-top, Lighting, pumps all Off-Grid Systems) RELIABILITY & LIFE : • 10% in 10 years and 15% in 20 years for PV modules COST: • Rs. 7- 9/ Wp

  6. MAIN PV SYSTEMS / APPLICATIONS • LIGHTING SYSTEMS - PROTABLE, FIXED HOME LIGHT AND STREET LIGHTING • PV POWER PACKS - < 1kWp POWER PLANTS • STAND ALONE POWER PLANTS - 1kWp TO 25kWp POWER PLANTS, TELECOMM • UTILITY SCALE (MW CAPACITY) GI POWER PLANTS - 1MW TO 50MW GI POWER PLANTS • PV WATER PUMPS - ½ HP TO 5HP AC/DC SURFACE OR SUBMERSIBLE • OTHER APPLICATIONS - WATER PURIFIERS, GLOW SIGN DISPLAY,

  7. PV STANDARDS ADOPTED FOR PV COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS PV Modules : • STC PERFORMANCE • IEC 60904-2 (I-V ) • IEC 60891 ( TEMP & INTENSITY CORRECTIONS) • DESIGN QUALIFICATION • IEC 61215 (MON & MULTI CRYSTALLINE SILICON) - IEC61646( THIN FILM) - IEC 62108( CONCENTRATOR) • SAFETY • IEC 61730 (ALL MODULES) • SALT, MIST AND CORROSIVE - IEC 61701

  8. PV STANDARDS ADOPTED FOR PV COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS PV BoS SYSTEMS: • EFFICIENCY / PERFORMANCE • IEC 61683 (PCU) • IEC 62093( CHARGE CONTROLLERS & MPPT • ENVIRONMENTAL - IEC 60068 2 (1,2,14, 30) • STORAGE BATTERIES • IEC 61427 (ALL TYPE BATTERIES) - IS 1651 - IS 13369 • CABLES, SWITCH/ CIRCUIT BREAKERS/ CONNECTORS • IEC 60947 PART I,II & III • EN 50521 • IEC 60189, IS 694, IS1554, IS/ IEC 69947

  9. PV STANDARDS ADOPTED FOR PV COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS PV SYSTEMS : • Jn. BOXES/ ENCLOSURES • IEC 2208 • IP 65 / IP 21 • SPV SYSTEM DESIGN • IEC 62124 • INSTALLATION PRACTICES - IEC 60364 - IEC 61727 • NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODES (NEC)

  10. INDICATORS MATTERS.. • PV MODULE STC EFFICIENCY • PV ARRAY AND SYSTEM EFFICIENCY • LIFE TIME ENERGY YIELDS (YL) • PERFORMANCE RATIO (PR) • CAPACITY UTILIZATION FACTOR (CUF) • LOSS OF LOAD PROBABILITY (LOLP) • LIFE CYCLE COST (Rs./ kWh) ( GRID PARITY ?) JNNSM TARGET FOR DEGRADATION: • <10% IN 10 YEARS and <15% IN 25 YEARS

  11. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF PV ARRAYS • YIELD FACTOR = Yf = (kWh/kWp) or (Hours) Yf = E ( ENERGY OUTPUT)/ Po ( STC DC POWER) • REFERENCE YIELD Units (Yr) in Hours or kWh/kW Yr = H ( IN PLANE IRRADIANCE )/ G( 1000W/SQ .M) • PERFORMANCE RATIO (PR) = Yf / Yr PR is dimension less, Quantifies Effect of Losses PR depends on site Temperature, Spectrum & Technology

  12. WHAT ARE OFF-GRID PV SYSTEMS?

  13. LIGHTING SYSTEMS

  14. Components of lighting System • PV MODULE 3Wp to 74Wp • Storage Battery 12V, 4AH to 100AH (Flood Lead Acid Tubular or VRLA) • Loads: 5 to 13W CFLs OR 2W to 9 W LED • Electronics: - High Frequency Electronics ballast(87%)/ DC-DC converters (95%) - Charge Controller - Protections - Indicators • Structures

  15. PV Lighting System Quality Performance (MNRE Specs) • Conditioning of the System • On-Off Cycles (Endurance Test) • Electronic Efficiency Measurement • Charge Efficiency Measurement • Lumen and LUX Measurement • Uniformity of Light • Quality of Light out put (UV content, Speckle)

  16. PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF LIGHTING SYSTEMS • Conditioning test • Electronic efficiency test • Charge discharge efficiency measurement • Protections test • Lumen measurement • LUX measurement • Spectral distribution measurement of LED • Measurement of view angle

  17. LED AND CFL PERFORMANCE COMPARISON AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

  18. Color recognition SOX lamp Green-Red LEDs

  19. Residential street Before 36W TL Now 20W LED 16 lux (meter under the lamp at street level) 8 lux under lamp

  20. The Physiology Scotopic Mesopic Photopic <0,01 cd/m² |0,001 cd/m² 3 cd/m² | > 3cd/m²

  21. SPV WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS

  22. Quality Testing of PV Water Pumping System TYPE OF PUMPS  DC Surface (Centrifugal) Pumps  DC/AC Submersible Pumps  Float Pumps ? SPECIFICATIONS  IEC 62253 & 61702 AND MNES Performance Guidelines 2006-07 INSTRUMENTATION  Deep Sump Well  PV Array  PV Array Testers  Data Loggers with sensors  Flow & Pressure Gauges/Meters Main Quality Indicators  Throughput - Liters/watt/day  Average Wire to Water efficiency Peak Efficiency

  23. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CONCERNS ? • MAIN PROBLEMS ARE : - MATCHING OF PUMP AND PV ARRAY - EFFICIENCY OF MOTOR AND PUMP - PV ARRAY STRUCTURES - PROTECTIONS ( DRY RUNNING, GROUNDING, DC SHOCK etc.)

  24. BATTERY TESTING

  25. Quality Assessment of Batteries • IEC 61427 • IS 1651, IS 13369, • JIS 8709 • PERFORMANCE TESTS - Capacity Test at C/10 or C/20 rate - Shelf Life - Cycle Life vs. DoD - Charge Efficiency - Temp. Coefficients fully computer - Spill Proof Features

  26. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PROBLEMS ? • MAIN PROBLEMS ARE : - WRONG INSTALLATIONS (MODULE, STRUCTURE & CABLES) - POOR COMPONENTS • LOW WATTAGE MODULE AND BATTERY • POOR DESIGNS, • POOR ELECTRONICS - SYSTEM SIZING PROBLEMS ? (CONNECTION OF ADDITIONAL LOADS)

  27. TO ENSURE THE QUALITY OF SUPPLIED SYSTEMS: • A THREE STEP APPROCH FOLLOWED BY IEC TO ENSURE QUALITY - TESTING OF PROTO-TYPE - QUALITY TEST DURING MANUFACTURING - QUALITY TEST OF PRODUCT FROM THE MARKET

  28. SPV POWER PLANTS

  29. OFF-GRID PV POWER PLANTS • Stand Alone • Hybrid

  30. COMPONENTS SPV POWER PLANTS • SPV Modules • Batteries • Inverters • Charge Controllers • Loads CFLs, Pumps, Motors, Refrigerators etc. • Structures

  31. STANDARDS FOR STAND ALONE POWER PLANTS • Standards for POWER PLANT Components ( PERFORMANCE, DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND ENVIRONMENT) - PV MODULE –IEC 61215, 61646, 62108 - BATTERY – BIS , IEC (NO QUALIFIED SUPPLIER?) - INVERTER IEC-61683 ( VERY FEW INDIAN SUPPLIERS!!) , - CHARGE CONTROLLER& MPPT –IEC 62093 • Design Verification IEC - 62124 • INSTALLATION AND SAFETY IEC- 62548 IEC – 61173 (OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION) NATIONAL ELECTRIC CODE FOR SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT GROUNDING • Performance Monitoring, DATA exchange IEC – 61724 • I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF PV ARRAY ON SITE MEASUREMENT IEC- 61829

  32. ENVIRONMENTAL TESTS STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONICS • OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS DIVIDED IN TO FOUR GROUPS - INDOOR CONDITIONED - INDOOR UN-CONDITIONED - OUTDOOR CONDITIONED - OUT DOOR UN-CONDITIONED • IEC STANDARDS - 60068-2-1 (COLD TEST -10°C ±3°C FOR 2 HOURS) - 60068-2-2 (DRY HEAT TEST 55°C ±2°C FOR 16 HOURS) - 60068-2-14 ( TEMPERSTURE CYCLING -5°C TO 55°C ±3°C FOR 5 CYCLES) - 60068-2-30 (DAMP HEAT STUDY STATE 25°C TO 40°C ±3°C AND 93% RH 12+12 Hrs, 2Cycles) • IEC STANDARD FOR INGRESS PROTECTION (IP) - IP 21 FOR HOME LIGHTS/ LANTERNS - IP 54/ IP64 FOR STREET LIGHTS

  33. PERFORMANCE TEST STANDARDS FOR INVERTERS • IEC STANDARDS - 61683 • EFFICIENCY OF PERFORMANCE of STAND ALONE INVERTERS (at unity and .25PF) - 10% LOAD - 25% LOAD - 50% Load - 75% Load - 90-100% Load • - EFFICIENCY OF PERFORMANCE OF CHARGE CONTROLLER AND MPPT ( - IEC 62093 ( PERFORMANCE TEST, PROTECTIONS, etc.) • INSTALLATION AND SAFETY FOR OFF-GRID SYSTEMS - IEC 62548 ( SYSTEM VOLTAGE, GROUNDING, RATING OF CONTROL DEVICES, etc.)

  34. ENVIRONMENTAL TEST STANDARDS INVERTERS, CHARGE CONTROLLERS AND MPPTs • OPERATIONAL CONDITIONS DIVIDED IN TO FOUR GROUPS - INDOOR CONDITIONED - INDOOR UN-CONDITIONED - OUTDOOR CONDITIONED - OUT DOOR UN-CONDITIONED • IEC STANDARDS - 60068-2-1 (COLD TEST -10°C ±3°C FOR 2 HOURS) - 60068-2-2 (DRY HEAT TEST 55°C ±2°C FOR 16 HOURS) - 60068-2-14 ( TEMPERSTURE CYCLING -5°C TO 55°C ±3°C FOR 5 CYCLES) - 60068-2-30 (DAMP HEAT STUDY STATE 25°C TO 40°C ±3°C AND 93% RH 12+12 Hrs, 2Cyc) • IEC STANDARD FOR INGRESS PROTECTION (IP) - IP 21 FOR INDOOR INVERTERS ( IN -DOOR CONDITIONED)

  35. Quality Checks Of PV Power Plants • Standards/Specifications IEC, & IEEE Standards Inspection Criteria • Performance Indicators Energy Yields ( Yi = kWh/kWp ) Performance Ratio (PR= Yi/ Rf) LOLP Plant capacity factor/ Plant Utility Factor • Instrumentations Array Testers Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) Current Voltage Power Transducers Battery SOC Testers Loads

  36. Data Contents of SPV Power Plant

  37. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR QUALITY CONCERNS? • MAIN PROBLEMS ARE : - WRONG DESIGNS ( SELECTION OF PV ARRAY, BATTERY BANK, INVERTER & LOAD) - BATTERY RELATED PROBLES ( REDUCED LIFE SPAN) - POOR INSTALLATIONS - GROUNDING ( SYSTEM, EQUIPMENT AND LIGHTNING ARRESTERS) - SHADOWING - CERTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS - MATCHING OF PV ARRAYS, MPPT RANGE, BATTERY BANK & INVERTER

  38. WHO ARE QUALIFIED TO CERTIFY?

  39. WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS FROM THE LABS? • REQUIREMENTS ARE : - NABL or EQUIVALENT ACCREDITATION - PART OF THE REQUIRED TEST EQUIPMENT - MANPOWER - INDEPENDENT TEST LABORATORY PREFERRD

  40. AUTHORISED TEST CENTRES IN INDIA • SEC PV MODULES, BATTERY , LIGHTING SYSTEMS (PERFORMANCE ONLY), WATER PUMPS & INVERTERS • OATCs ERTL (KOLKATA) – BATTERIES, LIGHTING SYSTEMS & INVERTERS ETDC ( BANGALORE) – PV MODULES, BATTERIES AND INVERTERS CPRI ( BANGALORE) - BATTERIES, LIGHTING SYSTEMS (CFL), INVERTERS • ADDITIONAL CENTERS FOR PV MODULES TUV AND UL BANGALORE • ADDITIONAL CENTERS FOR BATTERIES CECRI OR ANY OF THE NABL CERTIFIED • NABL ACCREDITED ADDITIONAL CENTERS FOR IELECTRONICS , LIGHTING SYSTEMS , NVERTERS & MPPTS ETDC (Bangalore), UL, TUV, INTER TEK (Noida), ERTL (kolkata), ETDC Pune, ETDC Maholi and ETDC (G) • ALL TESTING LABS WITH NABL ACCREDITATION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL , MECHANICAL & IP TESTS ARE APPROVED

  41. QUESTIONS ??

  42. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!

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