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Word and Vocabulary

1. Word and Vocabulary. 1.1 What is a word?. Four characteristics of a word: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unit; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 1.1 What is a word?. Definition:

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Word and Vocabulary

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  1. 1 • Word and Vocabulary

  2. 1.1 What is a word? • Four characteristics of a word: • (1) a minimal free form of a language; • (2) a sound unit; • (3) a unit of meaning; • (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

  3. 1.1 What is a word? • Definition: • A word is a minimalfree form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

  4. 1.1 What is a word? • Simple words: • sun, book, fine, eat, well • Complex words: • internationalization • (inter + nation + al + iz[e] + ation) • national international • nationalize internationalize • nationalization internationalization

  5. 1.1 What is a word? • internationalization • de-internatinalization 废除国际化 • non-internatinalization非国际化

  6. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. • dog • woman • bird • tree • The connection is • arbitrary and conventional.

  7. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • arbitrary: no logical explanation • conventional: People of the same speech community have agreed to use the sound to refer to the entity.

  8. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • English Chinese • dog /dכg/ /gəu/ • woman /`wumən/ /fùnǚ/ • bird /bə:d/ /niau/ • tree /tri:/ /shu:/

  9. 1.2 Sound and Meaning • Same sound: • /s٨n/ son sun • /flauə/ flower flour

  10. 1.3 Sound and Form • Form = written record of the oral form • The two forms of a language should agree with each other, such as Russian, German, Old English.

  11. 1.3 Sound and Form • In modern English, sound (pronunciation) and form (spelling) have a lot of differences. • Indication: phonetic transcription to show the pronunciation of each word • What are the reasons?

  12. 1.3 Sound and Form • 1. More phonemes than letters • Not enough letters to represent phonemes • phonemes ≥ letters

  13. 1.3 Sound and Form • 2. Quicker change of sound than spelling • Sound and spelling do not change simultaneously. • Printing stabilized spelling while sound continued to change.

  14. 1.3 Sound and Form • 3. Spelling affected by scribes • i u v m wn made handwriting difficult to recognize and the scribes changed spelling forms. • sum cum wuman wunder munk • some come woman wonder monk

  15. 1.3 Sound and Form • 4. Un-assimilated borrowings • A large proportion of them are not assimilated yet: • stimulus (L) • dénouement (F) • fiesta (Sp) • eureka(Gr) • kimono(Jap)

  16. 1.4 Vocabulary • All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. • vocabulary of a book • vocabulary of a period: Old English V. • personal vocabulary: 5000-8000-10000 • active vocabulary: 3000-3500 • passive vocabulary: 10000-?

  17. 1.5 Classification of Words • Criteria for classification: • 1.use frequency: • basic word stock & non-basic V. • 2.notion: • content words & functional words • 3. origin: • native words & borrowed words

  18. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • Basic word stock = common core • 1. All national character • snow, fire, water, sun • hand, face, father, mother • apple, tree; horse, cow • eat, hear, good, old, • I, you, in, out

  19. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 2.Stability • man, fire, mountain, water, sun, moon • BUT • bow, chariot, knight, rickshaw • (out of common use) • plane, computer, internet, cellphone • (in common use)

  20. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 3.Productivity • dog: doglike, doghood, dogcart, dog- cheap, dog-ear, dog-fall, dog-fight, doghole, dog paddle, dogsleep

  21. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 4.Polysemy • Most words have plural meanings. • get • go • give

  22. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 5.Collocability搭配力强 • able to form collocations • a change of heart改变主意 • after one‘s heart正中下怀 • a heart of gold金子般的心 • at heart在心底

  23. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • at heart在心底 • break one‘s heart令人心碎 • cross one‘s heart上帝保佑; 祈祷 • cry one‘s heart out痛哭 • eat one‘s heart out因伤心而消瘦 • have one's heart in one's mouth • 忐忑不安;紧张万分

  24. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • heart and hand全心全意 • heart and soul全心全意 • One‘s heart sinks within one心寒 • take something to heart把……放在心上;在意 • wear one‘s heart upon one’s sleeve流露感情 • with all one‘s heart诚心诚意

  25. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • BUT • Not all the words of the basic word stock have these characteristics. • pronouns, numerals: monosemous • non-productive • “All national character” is the most important of all characteristics.

  26. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • Non-basic vocabulary • 1. Terminology • photoscanning扫描 • audiovisual视听 • indigestion消化不良

  27. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 2. Jargon = shop talk 行话 • hypo = hypodermic syringe皮下注射 • buster = bomb

  28. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 3. Slang（sub-standard） • dough, bread = money • smoky, bear = police • drunk = elevated, merry, jolly, comfortable, boiled, grassy, tight, knocked out, blue-eyed, fried, paralyzed, pickled, stiff, stunned

  29. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 4. Argot (language of the in-groups or criminals) 隐语, 黑话 • can-opener = all-purpose key 万能钥匙 • persuader = dagger 匕首

  30. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 5. Dialectal words • station (AusE） = ranch • auld (ScotE） = old • bluid (ScotE）= blood

  31. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 6. Archaisms古旧词 • words now restricted in use such as in older poems, legal documents and religious writing or speech • thou = you • ye = you (plural) • thee = you (objective case) • therefrom = from that or there

  32. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 7. Neologisms新词 • pm2.5 = 微颗粒2.5 • e-fiction = 网络小说 • on-line education = 网上教育 • netizen = 网民

  33. 1.5.1 Basic and non-basic vocabulary • 7. Neologisms新词 • 水饺 睡觉 sleep • 秒杀 seckill • 白金汉 elite bachelor (with high qualifications, high income and good taste) • 单贵女 single woman noble (smart, successful with good income) • 考碗族people obsessed with tests for a a government position • 拼爹compete by means of powerful fathers

  34. 1.5.2 Content words • Bynotion • content words = notional words • noun, verb, adjective, adverb • functional words = form/empty words • prep, article, pronoun, conjunction, etc.

  35. 1.5.2 Content words • Characteristics: • Content Functional • numerous small in number • changing/growing stable • less frequent more frequent • Eg. It is certain that they have forgotten the address.

  36. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • By Origin • Native words • Foreign words

  37. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Native words • Words of Anglo-Saxon origin (Germanic tribes) • 50,000 to 60,000 : 1,000,000 5% • BUT • form the mainstream of the basic word stock

  38. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Characteristics: • 1. all national character • 2. stability • 3. productivity • 4. polysemy • 5. collocability • 6. neutrality in style • 7. higher frequency in use

  39. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • neutrality in style • begin (E) —commence (F) • brotherly (E) —fraternal (F) • kingly (E) —royal (F) —regal (L) • rise (E) —mount (F) —ascend (L)

  40. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • higher frequency in use • (See statistics on page 11)

  41. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • Borrowed words/borrowings/loan words • constituting 80% of modern English V. • Criteria of classification: • 1. Degree of assimilation • 2. Manner of borrowing

  42. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • 1. Degree of assimilation • (1) denizens =fully assimilated • portus (L) port • skipta (ON) shift

  43. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • (2) Aliens = unassimilated words • décor (F) • blitzkrieg (G) • kowtow (CH ) • bazaar (Per ) • intermezzo (IT) • emir (Arab )

  44. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • 2. Manner of borrowing • (3) Translation loans • translated according to sound tofu wok china tea wonton yen

  45. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • translated according to meaning • long time no see • lose face • paper tiger • four modernizations • one country two systems

  46. 1.5.3 Native and foreign words • (4) Semantic loan = meanings borrowed for the existing forms • young pioneer = 少先队员(Russian) • dumb = ①unable to speak • ②stupid (fromdumm[G]) • Summary

  47. END

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