Industrialization And Urbanization

1. Industrialization And Urbanization

2. Industrialization: growth of the United States as an industrial power; the U.S. changes from a farming society to one in which unskilled workers use machines to mass produce goods; U.S. becomes an economic power Urbanization: the growth of cities; in the late 1800s, the U.S. urbanized because of the technological and industrial boom, which attracted unemployed American farmers and immigrants to cities for factory jobs

3. I. Economic Review Capitalism (Free Enterprise System)- is an economic system in which the means of production are all or mostly privately owned and operated for profit. Means of production-theresources and machines with which goods and services are created • Laissez-Faire- meant government would keep its “hands off” of the economy and not regulate business • The economy should regulate itself • Social Darwinism- “Survival of fittest”-government should not regulate b/c it would stop natural progress

4. “RADICAL” Alternatives Socialism-political and economic system in which: • Most of the means of production are publicly owned • Profit is shared among workers and owners

5. Railroads “Drive” Industrial Growth • Creates demand for coal, iron, steel, lumber • Creates NEW MARKETS • Creates jobs • 1st Transcontinental R.R. completed in 1869 • Creates need for standard “time-zones”

6. II. Big Business Emerges • Corporations (businesses owned by stockholders) • Capital could be raised by sale of stocks 2. Monopolies/Trusts- when a business has most or all the business in an industry • Many people feared monopolies were too powerful • Limited competition, control consumer prices • Too much influence on government (bribes; graft)

7. Lady Liberty (freedom) Capital The snake is labeled a monopoly. Snakes are deadly and can coil (wrap) itself around something until its in their grip of control. Big business leaders knew their tactics were ruthless. Therefore, they persuaded Congress to protect their business interests (i.e., low tariffs) with bribes and large campaign contributions.

9. III. Robber Barons- negative view of big businessmen as greedy and ruthless Captains of Industry- positive view of big businessmen as smart entrepreneurs Examples: Rockefeller • Standard Oil Monopoly • Used vertical and horizontal integration • Standard Oil is broken up by the government Carnegie • Rags to riches • U.S. Steel corporation • Philanthropy

10. IV. New business tactics- Vertical integration, horizontal integration, pools, rebates

11. V. New Production Techniques-Mass production, assembly line- increase the speed in which goods are made

12. VI. Impact of Industrialization • Poor working Conditions- Long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions! • Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (led to better safety laws) 2.Increased immigration and urbanization 3. Child labor 4.Big business influences government VII. Labor Unions Form • Form to get shorter hours, safer conditions, better pay • Boycott, strike, collective bargaining 2. Unions are unsuccessful during this time

13. VII. Labor Unions Form • Form to get shorter hours, safer conditions, better pay • Boycott, strike, collective bargaining • Unions are unsuccessful during this time • Associated with radicals (communists + anarchists) and immigrants • Government took side of Big Business

14. VIII. Urbanization- Growth of cities; industry and immigration lead to the growth of cities • The poor lived in tenements • Overcrowding led to sanitation problems and crime • Technology and culture in cities • Architects use steel to build skyscrapers • Streetcars, trolleys, subways and bridges all improve transportation • Rise of Political Machines • Political Machine- an organization of people that influence enough votes to control a local government • Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall • Corrupt

15. Immigration New Immigration (1870-1920)- time period in U.S. history when massive amounts of immigrants arrived, many from countries and cultures not yet represented in the U.S.(S+E Europe!)

16. Why Immigrants came • Push Factors- famine (Irish Potato Famine), religious persecution (pogroms in Russia), poverty, fear of war & military drafts, no say in Government • Pull Factors-JOBS! (especially unskilled jobs in factories), Jobs building the transcontinental railroad, Religious freedom, education, relatives already in U.S., American Dream, social mobility, Homestead Act (Free Western Land), • Today- ________________________________________

17. Journey Over • Many immigrants traveled in steerage (cheaper, but disease could spread) • European immigrants  Ellis Island, NY (statue of Liberty/Emma Lazarus poem) Asian Immigrants  Angel Island, San Francisco • Many came over as broken families

18. Salad Bowl vs. Melting Pot US culture is made up of distinct immigrant cultures mixed together US culture is made up of immigrant cultures which melt together to form a new US culture

19. III. Life of New Immigrants • Many NEW IMMIGRANTS were from cultures not yet represented in the U.S. • Southern and Eastern Europe (Italians, Greeks, Russian Jews) • Asians (Chinese and Japanese) • Different languages, religion, education level, looked different • As a result, many NEW IMMIGRANTS faced discrimination

20. Nativism- discrimination against new immigrants; belief that the U.S. should have a restrictive immigration policy • Especially b/c of JOB COMPETION! 4. Assimilation- drop your own culture and conform to the culture of another group; did not happen quickly • Ethnic communities • Culture shock

21. At home and at work • Tenement neighborhoods- disease, overcrowding • Sweatshops- Long hours, low pay, dangerous conditions- often all members of the family had to work • Given jobs and favors by POLITCAL MACHINES in exchange for votes (Boss Tweed Tammany Hall NYC) IV.End of the New “WAVE” of Immigration • Immigration Laws- Passed b/c of Nativism, discrimination and fear (especially of political RADICALS) • Chinese Exclusion Act- passed b/c of job competition and racism • Immigration Quota Acts of 1921 + 1924- Small #s of New Immigrants permitted to enter country- passed b/c of fear of radicals (Red Scare) and Russian Revolution

26. Imperialism (1870-1918): America becomes a world power • Imperialism- foreign policy of powerful countries seeking to control weaker countries or regions economically, socially and/or politically • ForeignPolicy- actions that a country takes when dealing with other nations. U.S. had a tradition of ISOLATIONISM (not being involved)

27. Reasons for Imperialism Economic Reasons a. New Markets for trade - Take over other countries and force them to buy our products • Seward’s Folly- U.S. buys Alaska from Russia, many criticize move • Midway Island • Open Door Policy- create a new market in CHINA

28. Social Reasons Social Darwinism- we are the fittest and have the right to take over others- gov’t should not make laws about the economy “White Man’s Burden”- its our “responsibility” to spread our culture to savage natives

29. 3. Political Reasons a. Make the U.S. a world power

30. Put military bases around world to protect our trade ships and possessions • Increase the size of our navy • Alfred Mahan’s Importance of Sea Power Upon History – book about taking over land to use as Naval bases

31. II. Lands Acquired and Influenced During Imperialism 1. Before 1899 • Alaska bought from Russia (1867) • Midway Island (refueling station and military base) • Hawaii- Overthrew Queen & annexed- natural resources, military & refueling (1898)

32. 3. Spanish-American War • a. Causes • Yellow-Journalism and sinking of U.S.S. Maine • “A Splendid Little War”- U.S. wins quickly, Roosevelt and • the Rough Riders are heroes • Results • U.S. takes control over Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and Cuba • U.S. is recognized as a WORLD POWER • Anti-Imperialists are unhappy that the U.S. is taking over other countries

33. Imperialists Vs Anti-Imperialists

34. China and the Open Door Policy • Britain, Germany, France, Russia, and Japan) had “carved out” exclusive areas of China called “spheres of influence”, where only they could trade • U.S. wanted China as a market, so they created the Open Door Policy • Any power can trade feely in China and no one may annex China • Proved the U.S. was a WORLD POWER

36. Presidents of Imperialism • William McKinley (1897-1901) a. Annexes Hawaii b. Makes decision to keep territories gained after the Spanish-American war • Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1908) a. Big Stick Policy (Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine)- U.S. will be a police power in the Western Hemisphere and is allowed to interfere in Latin-America to protect US interests Monroe Doctrine- Europe may not further colonize Western Hemisphere

38. b. Panama Canal • Roosevelt interferes with a rebellion in Panama and helps it succeed • He then makes deal with the new country of Panama to build the canal • Important for trade and military

40. b. Panama Canal • Roosevelt interferes with a rebellion in Panama and helps it succeed • He then makes deal with the new country of Panama to build the canal • Important for trade and military

41. 3. William Howard Taft (1909-1912) a. Dollar Diplomacy- build strong economic ties and invest in Latin America • 4. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) • Moral Diplomacy- try and spread and protect democracy in Latin America

42. The Gilded Age and The Progressive Era

43. Gilded Age- (1870s to 1890s) time period in the U.S. when the outer appearance of wealth concealed corruption in politics and a growing gap between the very few rich and the very many poor.

44. Progressive Era (1900-1920)-Time period in the United States in which the government and the people attempted to REFORM political, social and economic problems in America. • Reform- correct what is wrong • Government begins to move away from laissez faire and towards regulation of business

45. Origins of the Progressive Era • 1. Many reforms led by middle-class city dwellers who had political power and influence 2. Reform began at the State and local levels 3. Some early reform movements include: Settlement Houses [Jane Addams], Reform of city governments, Helping the poor, Women’s Suffrage, the Populist Party: The Populists were a third party made up of farmers and factory workers whose goals included: • Eight hour workday > End child labor > regulate railroads • Graduated income tax • Many of their goals become laws during the Progressive Era

46. II. Political Reform during the Progressive Era • Reformers tried to: • End corruption in government (Civil Service tests- end the spoils system • Increase influence in government by everyday citizens (Primary, Initiative, Referendum, Recall) • 17th Amendment- direct election of U.S. senators by the people • 19th Amendment- Women’s Suffrage (right to vote) • Alice Paul- important leader for Women’s Suffrage. Helped found the National Women’s Party (NWP) • Carrie Chapman Catt, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

47. II. Political Reform during the Gilded Age (continued) • 17th Amendment- direct election of U.S. senators by the people • 19th Amendment- Women’s Suffrage (right to vote)

48. Social Reforms during the Progressive Era • Settlement Houses (Hull House and Henry Street Settlement) • Temperance= PROHIBITION (18th Amendment) • Muckrakers- journalists who exposed problems of society to raise awareness and make a change • Upton Sinclair- The Jungle Exposes unsanitary meat packing Laws passed: Meat Inspection Act, FDA • Jacob Riis- How the Other Half Lives: Poor tenement neighborhoods Laws:Tenement House Act c. Ida Tarbell- History of the Standard Oil Corporation: Greed of Rockefeller Laws: Sherman and Clayton Anti-trust act d. Thomas Nast- drew political cartoons to expose Boss Tweed Laws: Civil Service tests

49. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire • 1911- showed worker safety laws were needed • 146 workers- mostly immigrant women- were killed

50. IV. Economic Reforms during the Progressive Era • Sherman Anti-Trust act and Clayton Anti-Trust act- regulated big businesses, trusts and monopolies Progressive Era Amendments Remember…